Critical Review of Historic Literature Concerning Traditional Lime and Earth-Lime Mortars

A review of historic knowledge and understanding concerning the manipulation of lime and earth-lime mortars; the uses to which they were put, as set out in historic texts from the UK, Ireland, North America, France and Spain, as well as from Ancient Rome. Time-span: 160 BC to 1962. These tell a consistent story very different to that told during the Lime Revival in the UK after 1975. The ubiquitous mortars of construction were earth-lime and hot mixed air lime, with and without pozzolans. Natural Hydraulic Limes have minimal historic precedence for the uses to which they have been put over the last 20 years or so. Lime putty had minimal historic precedence as a binder before the 20thC. This dissertation sets out historic knowledge and understanding of traditional mortars and provides a platform for the essential re-booting of the lime revival and speaks to a paradigm shift in understanding and practice over recent years, a shift inspired primarily by the practical experience of stonemasons and conservators who have been working with traditional, like-for-like and compatible materials over a number of years

White youth: the Far Right, Punk and British youth culture

‘White Youth’ recovers and explains the relationship between far-right organisations and British youth culture in the period between 1977 and 1987. In particular, it concentrates on the cultural spaces opened up by punk and the attempts made by the National Front and British Movement to claim them as conduits for racist and/or ultra-nationalist politics. The article is built on an empirical basis, using archival material and a historical methodology chosen to develop a history ‘from below’ that takes due consideration of the socio-economic and political forces that inform its wider context. Its focus is designed to map shifting cultural and political influences across the far right, assessing the extent to which extremist organisations proved able to adopt or utilise youth cultural practice as a means of recruitment and communication. Today the British far right is in political and organisational disarray. Nonetheless, residues tied to the cultural initiatives devised in the 1970s–80s remain, be they stylistic, nostalgic or points of connection forged to connect a transnational music scene