Interleukin-6 and Associated Cytokine Responses to An Acute Bout of High-intensity Interval Exercise: the Effect of Exercise Intensity and Volume

Acute increases in interleukin (IL)-6 following prolonged exercise are associated with the induction of a transient anti-inflammatory state (e.g., increases in IL-10) that is partly responsible for the health benefits of regular exercise. The purposes of this study were to investigate the IL-6–related inflammatory response to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and to determine the impact of exercise intensity and volume on this response. Ten participants (5 males and 5 females) completed 3 exercise bouts of contrasting intensity and volume (LOW, MOD, and HIGH). The HIGH protocol was based upon standard HIIE protocols, while the MOD and LOW protocols were designed to enable a comparison of exercise intensity and volume with a fixed duration. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations were measured in plasma (IL-6, IL-10) and also determined the level of gene expression (IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4R) in peripheral blood. The plasma IL-6 response to exercise (reported as fold changes) was significantly greater in HIGH (2.70 ± 1.51) than LOW (1.40 ± 0.32) (P = 0.04) and was also positively correlated to the mean exercise oxygen uptake (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). However, there was no change in anti-inflammatory IL-10 or IL-4R responses in plasma or at the level of gene expression. HIIE caused a significant increase in IL-6 and was greater than that seen in low-intensity exercise of the same duration. The increases in IL-6 were relatively small in magnitude, and appear to have been insufficient to induce the acute systemic anti-inflammatory effects, which are evident following longer duration exercise

Esforço percebido, estresse e inflamação do trato respiratório superior em atletas de elite de canoagem

O presente estudo investigou o comportamento do esforço percebido, percepção de fontes e sintomas de estresse e de ocorrência e incidência de sintomas associados a inflamações do trato respiratório superior (ITRS) em atletas de elite do sexo feminino de canoagem velocidade, durante sete semanas de preparação para um campeonato internacional. Para tanto foram utilizados os instrumentos de: medida de esforço percebido da sessão (EPS); o DALDA e o WURSS-21. A ANOVA de Friedman foi utilizada a fim de verificar a hipótese de igualdade entre as sete semanas de investigação para cada uma das variáveis. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. O teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado como "post-hoc" com o ajuste de Bonferroni, quando necessário. Os resultados para EPS revelaram diferença significante entre as sete semanas de investigação. Foram localizadas diferenças entre as semanas recuperativas e as semanas de intensificação do treinamento. Diferenças significantes foram reveladas para os sintomas de estresse (Parte B do DALDA) sinalizando para a sensibilidade do instrumento para discriminar semanas de intensificação e semanas recuperativas de carga de treinamento. O WURSS-21 revelou diferenças significantes na ocorrência e incidência de ITRS entre a semana de maior volume de treinamento (semana 1) e as demais semanas investigadas, exceto com a semana 2. Os resultados permitem concluir que os instrumentos utilizados na presente investigação podem ser úteis para monitorar as alterações no esforço percebido da sessão, fadiga, percepção de sintomas de estresse e de ocorrências de ITRS.The aim of the present study was to identify the behavior of session rating of perceived exertion (session RPE), perception of sources and symptoms of stress and perception of occurrence and incidence of upper respiratory tract illness symptoms (URTI) in elite canoeing flatwater female athletes, during 7 weeks of preparation for an international championship. The methods used were the session RPE, DALDA and WURSS-21. The ANOVA of Friedman was applied on the dependent variables. The level of significance was established in 5%. Wilcoxon test was used as post-hoc with the adjustment of Bonferroni when necessary. The session RPE showed significant differences between the taper weeks and the overload weeks (intensified training). Significant differences for the Part B of the DALDA (symptoms of stress) have been demonstrated. To URTI symptoms, significant differences were between the week of greater volume of training (week 1) and the remaining of investigated weeks, except with week 2. The results allow concluding that the instruments used in the present investigation may be useful for assessing changes in perceptual training load, fatigue, stress reaction symptoms and occurrence of perceived URTI symptoms