Taxonomic review of South American species of hermit crabs of the genus Pagurus Fabricius, 1775 (Anomura:Paguridae): morphological and molecular analysis

O gênero Pagurus é um táxon heterogêneo de ermitões, com ampla distribuição mundial, descrito há mais de duzentos anos. A sistemática do grupo é complexa com uma longa história de rearranjos taxonômicos. A classificação conta com a inclusão de numerosas novas espécies e separação de algumas inicialmente contidas no táxon estabelecendo-se novos gêneros. Devido à extensa distribuição das espécies que compõem o táxon, foi necessário restringir o objetivo deste estudo. Assim foi avaliado o status taxonômico das espécies que ocorrem nas costas Pacífica e Atlântica da América do Sul, por meio da combinação de análises morfológicas e moleculares das espécies, utilizando dois marcadores genéticos (16S rDNA e Histona 3). As análises taxonômicas mostraram uma alta variabilidade morfológica nas 22 espécies examinadas. As espécies se encaixam perfeitamente em quatro dos onze grupos preestabelecidos dentro de Pagurus. Além disso, foram fornecidos os caracteres morfológicos que definem um desses grupos. Adicionalmente foi incluída uma chave para ajudar na identificação de todas as espécies. As análises independentes dos dados moleculares mostraram resultados contrastantes. O gene mitocondrial foi mais variável e portanto mais informativo, proporcionando uma hipótese mais clara das relações internas entre os membros de Pagurus. Assim, as topologias moleculares resultantes, concordaram em vários aspectos com o reportado nos dados morfológicos das espécies. De modo que, as semelhanças morfológicas foram refletidas na formação dos nós internos. Assim, as análises do gene 16S e H3 mostraram-se concordante com a morfologia, refletindo-se na formação de alguns dos grupos previamente propostos. Como ponto importante, ressalta-se a separação das espécies que compõe o grupo provenzanoi como um táxon diferenciado dentro de Pagurus. Ao mesmo tempo, as análises com o gene H3 mostraram a espécie Propagurus gaudichaudii inserida dentro de Pagurus, questionando a validade taxonômica de Propagurus. Como só foi incluída uma das cinco espécies do gênero, é claramente necessário a inclusão de outras espécies contidas neste táxon, bem como alguns outros genes uma revisão das espécies contidas neste táxon, junto com análises de outros genes, a fim de resolver definitivamente o status taxonômico de Propagurus.The genus Pagurus is a heterogeneous taxon of hermit crabs, with worldwide distribution which was described more than two hundred years ago. Systematics of the group is complex and with a long history of taxonomic rearrangements. Thus current classification accounts for inclusion of many new species and splitting-off of some of the original species in order to establish new genera. Because of the extensive distribution of the species that conform this taxon it was necessary to restrict the aim of this study. Thus I evaluated the taxonomic status of the species found in the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of South America using a combination of both morphologic and molecular analyses (16S rDNA and Histona 3). The taxonomic analysis showed high morphological variation among all the 21 examined species. The analyzed species seemed to perfectly fit four out of the eleven morphologically pre-established groups of Pagurus. Furthermore I provide morphological characters that define one of these groups. Additionally, I included a key to aid in the identification of all the target species. Independent analysis of the molecular data showed contrasting results. The mitochondrial gene was the most variable and thus the most informative, providing a clearer hypothesis of the internal relationships among members of Pagurus. Therefore, both 16S and H3 analyses were in general agreement with the morphology. Thus, the resultant molecularly based topologies reflected some of the groups previously proposed. It is important to point out that all the included species belonging to the provenzanoi group were clustered together separated from other clades within Pagurus. At the same time, the analysis with the gen H3 showed Propagurus gaudichaudii clustered within Pagurus, thus questioning the taxonomic validity of Propagurus. As I only included one of the five species of the genus, it is obviously necessary to include other the species contained in this taxon, as well as some other genes in order to definitely solve the taxonomic status of Propagurus

Morphology of gastric mill in Lithodidae Samouelle, 1819 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura): Phylogenetic approach

Os caranguejos anomuros da família Lithodidae são exclusivamente marinhos, habitantes predominantemente de águas frias vivendo, geralmente, em águas profundas. Via de regra são animais de grande tamanho, sendo que das 124 espécies atualmente conhecidas (distribuídas em 10 gêneros), algumas são de grande importância comercial. O monofiletismo da família Lithodidae e dos gêneros que a compõe, assim como as relações filogenéticas em Lithodidae ainda são obscuros e têm recebido muito pouca atenção. Diante da complexidade do esqueleto gástrico nos crustáceos Decapoda, neste trabalho nós investigamos em detalhe as características morfológicas dos ossículos do esqueleto gástrico em Lithodidae com vistas a sua descrição, interpretação e como fonte de dados morfológicos para servir de base a uma análise filogenética de Lithodidae, cujo objetivo precípuo foi testar a hipótese de monofiletismo de Lithodidae e acessar as relações internas na família. A partir do estudo de 185 estômagos foi descrita e ilustrada a morfologia dos ossículos do esqueleto gástrico de 66 espécies: 52 espécies (dos 10 gêneros de Lithodidae), 8 espécies (dos 5 gêneros de Hapalogastridae) e 6 espécies de outros Decapoda representantes do grupo externo (Birgus latro, Petrochirus diogenes, Pagurus bernhardus, Homarus americanus, Nephrops norvegicus e Thalassina anomala). A análise cladística de Lithodoidea foi realizada no programa TNT. Foram utilizados 126 caracteres binários e 63 caracteres multiestado obtidos da morfologia do esqueleto gástrico, relacionados com o tamanho, forma, grau de calcificação, grau de fusão de ossículos e morfologia dos dentes gástricos. O esqueleto gástrico em Lithodoidea está composto por 44 ossículos. Um novo ossículo foi reconhecido, o parapterocardíaco, associado com o ossículo pterocardíaco. A maioria dos ossículos exibem um padrão uniforme com variações menores e elementos morfológicos característicos. Nossa análise cladística resultou em 10 árvores igualmente parcimoniosas com 1802 passos. Nosso estudo mostra que a superfamília Lithodoidea é monofilética, porém o monofiletismo de Lithodidae e Hapalogastridae não pode ser recuperado. Os gêneros de Lithodidae, Cryptolithodes e Lopholithodes são monofiléticos, enquanto que Lithodes, Neolithodes, e Paralomis são polifiléticos. Paralithodes é parafilético. Os gêneros monoespecíficos de Lithodidae (Glyptolithodes, Phyllolithodes, Rhinolithodes e Sculptolithodes) são bem caracterizados por autapomorfias. Em consequência de nossos resultados, alterações na classificação interna de Lithodoidea são necessárias, afim de refletir as relações evolutivas.The king crabs of the family Lithodidae (Anomura) are all marine and inhabit predominantly cold, deep waters. The lithodids currently comprise 124 species, some of which attain large sizes and are of great commercial importance. The interrelationships of the lithodids and even their monophyly and some of the constituent genera are yet to be solved. The great complexity of the decapod gastric mill prompted us to study the morphology of the gastric ossicles in the Lithodidae as a source of characters to assess its phylogenetic interrelationships and its monophyletic status as well as that of its constituent genera. We described and illustrated herein the morphology of the gastric ossicles from 66 species. A total of 186 stomachs were obtained as follows: 52 lithodid species (from all the 10 genera currently included in the Lithodidae), 8 hapalocarcinid species (from all the 5 genera of the Hapalogastridae) and 6 species from other groups of decapods representing the outgroup (Birgus latro, Petrochirus diogenes, Pagurus bernhardus, Homarus americanus, Nephrops novegicus e Thalassina anomala). The cladistic analysis of the Lithodoidea, was performed using the program TNT. 126 binary and 63 multistate characters from the morphology of the gastric ossicles related to size, shape, degree of calcification and fusion between ossicles, were used. The stomach of the Lithodoidea consists of 44 ossicles. A new ossicle is recognized herein, the para-pterocardiac, associated with pterocardiac ossicle. Most of the ossicles are conservative in shape, with few variations and distinctive morphological elements. The cladistic analysis resulted in 10 equally parsimonious trees with 1802 steps. Our study show that the superfamily Lithodoidea is monophyletic, whereas the lithodids and hapalogastrids were not recovered as monophyletic groups. The lithodid genera Cryptolithodes and Lopholithodes was recovered as monophyletic, while Lithodes, Neolithodes and Paralomis are polyphyletic; Paralithodes is paraphyletic. The monospecific lithodid genera are well characterized by a number of autoapomorphies each. As a result, the internal classification of the Lithodoidea requires further elaboration in order to reflect evolutionary relationships

Thalamita bevisi en Isla de Pascua, Chile (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunoida)

Four species belonging to genus Thalamita have been reported from the Easter Island, South Pacific, from Chile. The controversial presence of T. bevisi in Easter Island is confirmed, with a new record of recent specimens. The present study provides taxonomic information, including the examination of the morphology of the first gonopod

Pachygrapsus transversus en Isla de Pascua, ¿De qué especie estamos hablando? (Decapoda, Brachyura, Grapsoidea)

Pachygrapsus transversus has been reported repeatedly at Easter Island, south Pacific, this species was registered in both side of America and in the West and East Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In a phylogeographic analysis, P. transversus is considered a species of the Atlantic Ocean and Pachygrapsus socius has been regarded as part of the Eastern Pacific fauna. At the same time, a review of the genus Pachygrapsus concludes that the species from Easter Island could be Pachygrapsus laevimanus. A recent paper about the phylogeny of the Grapsidae, reveal that the genus Pachygrapsus is polyphyletic, with just 5 species. In the same study is showed that P. laevimanus belong to genus Planes. Here we analyze the gonopods of the males of new material of this group from Easter Island, and compare with other species of genera Pachygrapsus and Planes. We conclude that the species in Easter Island belong to Planes laevimanus. Additional comparisons between species are given, as well as with genus Planes, sister group of Pachygrapsus

Petrolisthes extremus o Petrolisthes coccineus (Decapoda Anomura Porcellanidae), ¿están las dos especies presentes en Isla de Pascua?

Two morphologically similar species of porcellanid crabs have been cited around Easter Island, Petrolisthes coccineus and P. extremus. New material collected in different locations of the island, only support the presence of P. extremus. The specimens used in the records of P. coccineus in Easter Island are deposited in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural of Santiago and the Museo de Zoología of the Universidad de Concepción. After checking this material identified as P. coccineus, it was concluded that just one species is found in Easter Island and correspond to P. extremus

Molecular analysis validates of some informal morphological groups of Pagurus (Fabricius, 1775) (Anomura: Paguridae) from South America

Olguín, Nicole, Mantelatto, Fernando Luis (2013): Molecular analysis validates of some informal morphological groups of Pagurus (Fabricius, 1775) (Anomura: Paguridae) from South America. Zootaxa 3666 (4): 436-448, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3666.4.

Familia Parapaguridae (Anomura, Paguroidea) en Chile: Nuevos registros de cangrejos ermitaños de profundidad

Two new distribution records of hermit crabs of the family Parapaguridae, i.e., Oncopagurus haigae and Sympagurus dimorphus are presented. The material examined was collected by 2 expeditions from the Chilean coast. The PUCK-156 and INSPIRE Expeditions in 2001 and 2010, respectively, at depths ranging from 340 to 1300 m. The present study provides taxonomic and distributional information as well as a key to aid in the identification of the species of Parapaguridae present in waters off Chile. With these results the family in southeast Pacific waters off Chile is represented by 14 species belonging to the genera Oncopagurus (3 species), Paragiopagurus (3 species), Parapagurus (3 species), Sympagurus (3 species), Strobopagurus (one species) and Tylaspis (one species).Se dan a conocer 2 nuevos registros de cangrejos ermitaños de la familia Parapaguridae, Oncopagurus haigae y Sympagurus dimorphus. El material examinado fue recolectado por 2 expediciones frente a las costas de Chile. La expedición PUCK-156 y la expedición INSPIRE 2010 realizadas en los años 2001 y 2010, respectivamente, a profundidades entre los 340 a 1300 m. El presente estudio proporciona información taxonómica y de distribución, así como, una clave para ayudar en la identificación de las especies de Parapaguridae presentes en aguas frente a Chile. Con estos resultados, la familia en aguas del Pacífico sureste frente a Chile, queda representada por 14 especies pertenecientes a los géneros Oncopagurus (3 especies), Paragiopagurus (3 especies), Parapagurus (3 especies), Sympagurus (3 especies), Strobopagurus (una especie) y Tylaspis (una especie)

Paralomis spinosissima Birstein & Vinogradov 1972

<i>Paralomis spinosissima</i> Birstein & Vinogradov, 1972 <p>(Figs. 1–2)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Mar del Plata, Argentina, station L42 of the Talud II campaign, 37°59.11’S, 54°41.136’W, Slope II, 877 m, (25.V.2013), R/V <i>Puerto Deseado</i>, 1 male (juvenile) cl = 13.61 mm, cw = 12.63 mm, MACN-In 39716.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Carapace subpentagonal or pyriform, slightly longer than wider, covered with long conical spines (Fig. 1). Juveniles have mushroom shape tubercles, with spiniform setae surrounding at the apex. Gastric region with a prominent spine. Branchial regions with acute spines. Lateral and posterior surface with small spines. Rostrum acute trispinose, overreaching the ocular peduncle; paired dorsal spines divergent, directed obliquely upwards, slightly shorter than the central, with a small spine between them (Fig. 2 A). Ocular peduncle with a longest dorsal spine overreaching the cornea; with scattered smaller spines along its length; some spines with several apical setae (Fig. 2 A, B). Scaphocerite slender, armed with a long central acute spine, two lateral smaller spines and one short inner spine (Fig. 2 B). Chelipeds and walking legs densely covered with long and acute spines; dorsal margin with prominent spines; ventral margin armed with blunt spines, in juveniles specimens have blunt tubercles with a tuft of long and rigid setae (Fig. 2 C, D, E).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Southeast Atlantic, Scotia Sea, South Georgia Island (Birstein & Vinogradov 1972), and between the Burwood Bank and the Malvinas Islands (Macpherson 1988a), and now from Mar del Plata. Depth range: 132 and 877 m.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> The specimen examined agrees with the description by Birstein & Vinogradov (1972) except for the armature of the scaphocerite, which has two pairs of lateral spines, and in the specimen analyzed here, just one spine on the inner side. However, Macpherson (1988b) noted that in the holotype, the inner side of the scaphocerite has three spines; this character may be variable in juvenile and adult specimens. The variations of this new specimen could be related to its juvenile stage.</p> <p> The species is distinguished from all other described species of <i>Paralomis</i> by the armature of the carapace, chelipeds and walking legs that are densely covered by acute spines. Eleven species share this character (Guzmán 2009), but only <i>P. erinacea</i> Macpherson, 1988, <i>P. sonne</i> Guzmán, 2009 closely resemble <i>P. spinosissima</i> because they are more densely covered with spines than, for instance, <i>P. f or m os a</i> Henderson, 1888 and <i>P. spectabilis</i> Hansen, 1908. Moreover, these spines are not as long as in <i>P. phryxa</i> Macpherson, 1992, <i>P. hystrix</i> (de Haan, 1844) and <i>P. hystrixoides</i> Sakai, 1980.</p> <p> The differences between <i>P. erinacea</i> and <i>P. spinosissima</i> were discussed by Macpherson (1988b) and are based mainly on the presence of thick spines in the gastric and branchial regions in the latter species. Our specimen is agree with the Macpherson’s observations in the presence of thick spines in the gastric and branchial regions. On the other hand, the rostrum of <i>P. spinosissima</i> differs from <i>P. sonne</i> in the shape and number of the spines; <i>P. sonne</i> bears two pairs of lateral spines and just one in <i>P. spinosissima</i>. Other differences are in the armature of the pereiopods, more densely covered in <i>P. spinosissima</i> than <i>P. sonne</i> (Guzmán 2009).</p> <p>The present specimen from Mar del Plata extends significantly the distribution of the species northwards.</p>Published as part of <i>Olguín, Nicole, Ocampo, Emiliano H. & Farias, Nahuel, 2015, New record of Paralomis spinosissima Birstein & Vinogradov (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae) from Mar del Plata, Argentina, pp. 239-242 in Zootaxa 3957 (2)</i> on pages 240-241, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3957.2.9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/232856">http://zenodo.org/record/232856</a&gt

Migración e infancia: representaciones sociales de los derechos de niñas y niños migrantes en Chile desde una perspectiva de derechos.

Tesis (Terapeuta Ocupacional)Las migraciones son un proceso multidimensional que entraña un complejo contrapunto de riesgos y oportunidades para las personas, las comunidades y los Estados. En Chile debemos tratar de avanzar en crear una sociedad capaz de incorporar la diferencia que propicie un diálogo intercultural, y, por lo tanto, el desafío es cómo ampliar el acceso al derecho a personas que no han nacido en este país, especialmente en niñas y niños migrantes. Para comprender el origen de esta problemática, es necesano conocer el marco jurídico y los resquicios legales que existen a nivel de Estado y políticas públicas en nuestro país en relación a los derechos de niñas y niños migrantes y sus familias, al igual que las distintas organizaciones y convenciones que se encargan de velar por el bienestar de niñas y niños. La creciente brecha de desigualdades y la vulneración de los Derechos es un problema que cada día afecta a más personas, se agudiza y tiene un mayor impacto en aquellas que provienen de otros territorios, sean estos nacionales o internacionales. Dichas vulneraciones y desigualdades trae consigo lo que desde Terapia Ocupacional se conoce como Apartheid Ocupacional, el cual, hace alusión a la segregación de las personas dentro de un contexto determinado. Cada una de estas personas trae consigo características sociales y culturales diferentes o cuyos rasgos: físicos son asimilados con un origen étnico o nación rechazada o estigmatizada como inferior, siendo discriminados y segregados, lo que conlleva a que prevalezca la inequidad de oportunidades y la represión identitaria y cultural en éstos. Una manera de hacer frente a estas discordancias es mediante la Justicia Social/ Ocupacional, las cuales hacen alusión a que las personas en la medida que generen interacciones con otros, serán seres activos, teniendo ocupaciones que le permitan desarrollarse y prosperar. Dentro de estas consideraciones niñas y niños migrantes en Chile no se encuentran exentos a esta situación. Teniendo en cuenta esto como punto de partida, la investigación pretende ser un aporte en la resolución de este problema, poniendo el foco en niñas y niños migrantes y en la promoción de sus derechos, así también como la integración social y la creación de espacios interculturales que permita a los niños coexistir en una diferencia no excluyente, que sea capaz de dar lugar a lo distinto sin necesidad de una asimilación o igualación. Durante el desarrollo de la investigación se intentará entrelazar la promoción de los derechos de niñas y niños migrantes dentro del Colectivo Sin Fronteras y cómo éstos representan socialmente el ejercicio de sus derechos en la vida cotidiana. De ésta forma, será factible poder realizar una indagación de sus vidas y construir una visión no sólo como niñas y niños, sino también como actores sociales dentro de su vida cotidiana