Implication des canaux Cav3.2 dans l'effet antalgique du paracétamol et dans la douleur inflammatoire

Acetaminophen is the most analgesic consumed worldwide, but its mechanism of action is still not understood. Long recognized as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), its profile is now reconsidered thanks to the work done over the last ten years. It is now accepted that acetaminophen is an analgesic with a central action and the impact on cyclooxygenase, traditional targets of NSAIDs, is no longer the basis of its mechanism of action. This work show that the analgesic effect of acetaminophen is lost in animals whose Cav3.2 channel has been invalidated, this in various experimental contexts. Thus, these channels appear to be essential for the analgesic effect of acetaminophen. We also demonstrated the nature of that involvement. Indeed, only the brain Cav3.2 channels are involved in the effect of acetaminophen, which joined the previous results showing that acetaminophen is a centrally acting analgesic. In the brain, we also demonstrated that Cav3.2 channels acting in concert with two crucial actors to the effect of acetaminophen: AM404, its active metabolite, and TRPV1 receptors. The purpose of this relationship is the inhibition of Cav3.2 channels that induces analgesic effect of acetaminophen. In parallel, we have demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of brain Cav3.2 channels induced analgesia. This confirms the tonic involvement of these channels in supraspinal pain perception. Finally, we also demonstrated that Cav3.2 channels were heavily involved in the inflammatory pain and, more surprising and interesting, in inflammatory processes associated (edema development and production of pro-inflammatory mediators). Related to these results, we demonstrated that ethosuximide (a Cav3.2 channel blocker) was effective in the treatment of inflammatory pain and inflammation as well as their associated comorbidities (anxiety and depression). In conclusion, the confirmation of the interaction of Cav3.2 channels in the effect of acetaminophen and pain perception opens a new path in understanding the mechanism of action of acetaminophen and in the design and development of new analgesics targeting Cav3.2 channels. This perspective is reinforced by the demonstrations previously done of the role of these channels in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. More and interestingly, ethosuximide, an antiepileptic drug used in humans and Cav3 channels inhibitor, allows to consider the realization of a pilot clinical study on the evaluation its antalgic effect. We propose the protocol of this study, proof of concept, performed in a first time in patients of neuropathic pain.Le paracétamol est l'antalgique le plus consommé au monde et pourtant son mécanisme d'action n'est toujours pas élucidé. Longtemps reconnu comme un produit proche des anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS) son profil est aujourd'hui reconsidéré grâce aux travaux effectués depuis une dizaine d'années. Il est désormais admis que le paracétamol est un antalgique d'action prioritairement cérébrale et l'impact sur les cyclo-oxygénases, cibles traditionnelles des AINS, ne représente plus la base de son mécanisme d'action. Nos travaux de thèse montrent que l'action antalgique du paracétamol est perdue chez des animaux dont le canal Cav3.2 a été invalidé, ceci dans divers contextes expérimentaux. Ainsi ces canaux semblent être indispensables à l'effet antalgique du paracétamol. Nous avons également démontré le site de cette implication. En effet, seuls les canaux Cav3.2 cérébraux sont impliqués dans l'effet du paracétamol, ce qui rejoint les résultats précédents qui présentent le paracétamol comme un antalgique d'action centrale. Au niveau cérébral nous avons aussi démontré que les canaux Cav3.2 agissaient de concert avec deux acteurs primordiaux pour l'effet du paracétamol : l'AM404, son métabolite actif et les récepteurs TRPV1. La finalité de cette relation est l'inhibition des canaux Cav3.2 qui induit l'effet antalgique du paracétamol. Parallèlement, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que l'inhibition des canaux Cav3.2 cérébraux induisait une antalgie. Ceci confirme l'implication tonique de ces canaux supra-spinaux dans la perception douloureuse. Enfin, nous avons également démontré que les canaux Cav3.2 étaient fortement impliqués dans la douleur de type inflammatoire et, de manière plus surprenante et intéressante, dans les processus inflammatoires associés (développement oedémateux et production des médiateurs pro-inflammatoires). En conformité avec ces résultats, nous avons démontré que l'éthosuximide (un bloqueur des canaux Cav3.2) était efficace dans le traitement des douleurs inflammatoires et de l'inflammation ainsi que sur leurs comorbidités associées (anxiété et dépression). En conclusion, la confirmation de l'implication des canaux Cav3.2 dans l'effet du paracétamol et dans la douleur inflammatoire ouvre une voie nouvelle dans la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de cet antalgique et dans la conception et le développement de nouveaux antalgiques, ciblant ces canaux. Cette perspective est renforcée par les démonstrations déjà faites du rôle de ces canaux dans la physiopathologie des douleurs neuropathiques. De plus et de façon intéressante, l'éthosuximide, un antiépileptique utilisé chez l'homme et inhibiteur des canaux Cav3, permet d'envisager la réalisation d'une étude clinique pilote sur l'évaluation de son effet antalgique. Nous proposons le protocole de cette étude, preuve de concept, réalisée dans un premier temps chez des patients atteints de douleurs neuropathiques

Chronic pain is a risk factor for incident Alzheimer’s disease: a nationwide propensity-matched cohort using administrative data

IntroductionChronic pain (CP) is one of the most disabling conditions in the elderly and seems to be a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Only one study, using national administrative health databases, assessed and demonstrated that chronic pain (all types of pain) was a risk factor for dementia, but without assessing the impact of pain medications.MethodTo assess the impact of all types of chronic pain and the long-term use of pain medications on the person-years incidence of ADRD, a retrospective nationwide healthcare administrative data study was performed using the national inter-regime health insurance information system (SNIIRAM) to the French national health data system (SNDS). Incident people >50 years old with chronic pain, defined by at least 6-months duration analgesics treatment or by a diagnosis/long-term illness of chronic pain between 2006 and 2010, were included. Chronic pain individuals were matched with non-CP individuals by a propensity score. Individuals were followed up from 9 to 13 years to identify occurrences of ADRD from 2006.ResultsAmong 64,496 French individuals, the incidence of ADRD was higher in the chronic pain population than control (1.13% vs. 0.95%, p <0.001). Chronic pain increases the risk of ADRD (HR = 1.23) and the incidence of ADRD was higher for women and increased significantly with age.DiscussionOur study highlights the importance of prevention, diagnosis, and management of chronic pain in elderly to reduce the risk of development and/or worsening of dementia

Involvement of Cav3.2 channels in the analgesic effect of paracetamol and inflammatory pain

Le paracétamol est l'antalgique le plus consommé au monde et pourtant son mécanisme d'action n'est toujours pas élucidé. Longtemps reconnu comme un produit proche des anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS) son profil est aujourd'hui reconsidéré grâce aux travaux effectués depuis une dizaine d'années. Il est désormais admis que le paracétamol est un antalgique d'action prioritairement cérébrale et l'impact sur les cyclo-oxygénases, cibles traditionnelles des AINS, ne représente plus la base de son mécanisme d'action. Nos travaux de thèse montrent que l'action antalgique du paracétamol est perdue chez des animaux dont le canal Cav3.2 a été invalidé, ceci dans divers contextes expérimentaux. Ainsi ces canaux semblent être indispensables à l'effet antalgique du paracétamol. Nous avons également démontré le site de cette implication. En effet, seuls les canaux Cav3.2 cérébraux sont impliqués dans l'effet du paracétamol, ce qui rejoint les résultats précédents qui présentent le paracétamol comme un antalgique d'action centrale. Au niveau cérébral nous avons aussi démontré que les canaux Cav3.2 agissaient de concert avec deux acteurs primordiaux pour l'effet du paracétamol : l'AM404, son métabolite actif et les récepteurs TRPV1. La finalité de cette relation est l'inhibition des canaux Cav3.2 qui induit l'effet antalgique du paracétamol. Parallèlement, nous avons démontré pour la première fois que l'inhibition des canaux Cav3.2 cérébraux induisait une antalgie. Ceci confirme l'implication tonique de ces canaux supra-spinaux dans la perception douloureuse. Enfin, nous avons également démontré que les canaux Cav3.2 étaient fortement impliqués dans la douleur de type inflammatoire et, de manière plus surprenante et intéressante, dans les processus inflammatoires associés (développement oedémateux et production des médiateurs pro-inflammatoires). En conformité avec ces résultats, nous avons démontré que l'éthosuximide (un bloqueur des canaux Cav3.2) était efficace dans le traitement des douleurs inflammatoires et de l'inflammation ainsi que sur leurs comorbidités associées (anxiété et dépression). En conclusion, la confirmation de l'implication des canaux Cav3.2 dans l'effet du paracétamol et dans la douleur inflammatoire ouvre une voie nouvelle dans la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de cet antalgique et dans la conception et le développement de nouveaux antalgiques, ciblant ces canaux. Cette perspective est renforcée par les démonstrations déjà faites du rôle de ces canaux dans la physiopathologie des douleurs neuropathiques. De plus et de façon intéressante, l'éthosuximide, un antiépileptique utilisé chez l'homme et inhibiteur des canaux Cav3, permet d'envisager la réalisation d'une étude clinique pilote sur l'évaluation de son effet antalgique. Nous proposons le protocole de cette étude, preuve de concept, réalisée dans un premier temps chez des patients atteints de douleurs neuropathiques.Acetaminophen is the most analgesic consumed worldwide, but its mechanism of action is still not understood. Long recognized as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), its profile is now reconsidered thanks to the work done over the last ten years. It is now accepted that acetaminophen is an analgesic with a central action and the impact on cyclooxygenase, traditional targets of NSAIDs, is no longer the basis of its mechanism of action. This work show that the analgesic effect of acetaminophen is lost in animals whose Cav3.2 channel has been invalidated, this in various experimental contexts. Thus, these channels appear to be essential for the analgesic effect of acetaminophen. We also demonstrated the nature of that involvement. Indeed, only the brain Cav3.2 channels are involved in the effect of acetaminophen, which joined the previous results showing that acetaminophen is a centrally acting analgesic. In the brain, we also demonstrated that Cav3.2 channels acting in concert with two crucial actors to the effect of acetaminophen: AM404, its active metabolite, and TRPV1 receptors. The purpose of this relationship is the inhibition of Cav3.2 channels that induces analgesic effect of acetaminophen. In parallel, we have demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of brain Cav3.2 channels induced analgesia. This confirms the tonic involvement of these channels in supraspinal pain perception. Finally, we also demonstrated that Cav3.2 channels were heavily involved in the inflammatory pain and, more surprising and interesting, in inflammatory processes associated (edema development and production of pro-inflammatory mediators). Related to these results, we demonstrated that ethosuximide (a Cav3.2 channel blocker) was effective in the treatment of inflammatory pain and inflammation as well as their associated comorbidities (anxiety and depression). In conclusion, the confirmation of the interaction of Cav3.2 channels in the effect of acetaminophen and pain perception opens a new path in understanding the mechanism of action of acetaminophen and in the design and development of new analgesics targeting Cav3.2 channels. This perspective is reinforced by the demonstrations previously done of the role of these channels in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. More and interestingly, ethosuximide, an antiepileptic drug used in humans and Cav3 channels inhibitor, allows to consider the realization of a pilot clinical study on the evaluation its antalgic effect. We propose the protocol of this study, proof of concept, performed in a first time in patients of neuropathic pain

Clinical assessment of new antineuropathic strategies for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: pain should not be the principal endpoint

Clinical assessment of new antineuropathic strategies for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: pain should not be the principal endpoin

Replacement of current opioid drugs focusing on MOR-related strategies

The scarcity and limited risk/benefit ratio of painkillers available on the market, in addition to the opioid crisis, warrant reflection on new innovation strategies. The pharmacopoeia of analgesics is based on products that are often old and derived from clinical empiricism, with limited efficacy or spectrum of action, or resulting in an unsatisfactory tolerability profile. Although they are reference analgesics for nociceptive pain, opioids are subject to the same criticism. The use of opium as an analgesic is historical. Morphine was synthesized at the beginning of the 19th century. The efficacy of opioids is limited in certain painful contexts and these drugs can induce potentially serious and fatal adverse effects. The current North American opioid crisis, with an ever-rising number of deaths by opioid overdose, is a tragic illustration of this. It is therefore legitimate to develop research into molecules likely to maintain or increase opioid efficacy while improving their tolerability. Several avenues are being explored including targeting of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) splice variants, developing biased agonists or targeting of other receptors such as heteromers with MOR. Ion channels acting as MOR effectors, are also targeted in order to offer compounds without MOR-dependent adverse effects. Another route is to develop opioid analgesics with peripheral action or limited central nervous system (CNS) access. Finally, endogenous opioids used as drugs or compounds that modify the metabolism of endogenous opioids (Dual ENKephalinase Inhibitors) are being developed. The aim of the present review is to present these various targets/strategies with reference to current indications for opioids, concerns about their widespread use, particularly in chronic non-cancer pains, and ways of limiting the risk of opioid abuse and misuse

Assessment of the effectiveness and safety of ethosuximide in the treatment of abdominal pain related to irritable bowel syndrome – IBSET: protocol of a randomised, parallel, controlled, double-blind and multicentre trial

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterised by the association of abdominal chronic pain with bowel habit disorders in the absence of identifiable organic disease. This is the first reason for consultation in gastroenterology, with an estimated prevalence of 10%-15% in industrialised countries. Although this is a benign gastrointestinal disease, its chronicity profoundly impacts the patient's quality of life and causes considerable health spending. Actual medical treatments are poorly efficient on IBS-related abdominal pain, making it a major public health concern. The mechanisms causing IBS symptoms are unknown. Recent studies have shown the involvement of T-type channel in abdominal pain. We aim to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ethosuximide, a T-type channel blocker, on the abdominal pain of patients presenting an IBS.NCT02973542; Pre-results

Effectiveness and safety of 5% lidocaine-medicated plaster on localized neuropathic pain after knee surgery: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial

International audienceAbstract Localized neuropathic pain symptoms are reported after knee surgery in 30% to 50% of patients. 5% lidocaine plaster (LP5) is recommended for localized neuropathic pain, but evidence in postsurgery neuropathic pain is missing. This study focuses on the effectiveness of LP5 on allodynia, hyperalgesia, and thermal stimuli in postsurgery knee localized neuropathic pain. A randomized double-blind, 2 parallel groups, controlled trial (NCT02763592) took place in 36 patients (age, 69.4 ± 7.3 years) at the Clinical Pharmacology Center, University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, France. Patients randomly received LP5 or placebo plaster during 3 months. Neuropathic pain intensity and several parameters (dynamic mechanical allodynia, mechanical [von Frey], heat and cold detection and pain thresholds [Pathway Medoc], and size of the allodynic area were recorded at each visit [inclusion, day 7, 15, month 1, 2, and 3]). From day 7 onwards, dynamic mechanical allodynia diminished progressively of ≥ 30% over 3 months ( P = 0.003) in 96% of patients (23/24) and of ≥ 50% in 83% of patients (20/24). Cold pain and maximal mechanical pain thresholds improved over 3 months ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively). This study shows for the first time the effectiveness of LP5 on dynamic mechanical allodynia, pain, pressure, and cold thresholds over 3 months in knee localized neuropathic pain. Beyond the inhibition of sodium channels by LP5, these findings suggest the involvement of cold and mechanical receptors that participate to pain chronicisation and also of the non-negligible placebo effect of the patch, items that need to be explored further and challenged in other etiologies of localized neuropathic pain

Clustering de séries chronologiques de patients souffrant de douleurs chroniques

International audienc

The safety of medications used to treat peripheral neuropathic pain, part 1 (antidepressants and antiepileptics): review of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials

International audienc

Classification automatique de séries chronologiques de patients souffrant de douleurs chroniques

International audienceThe most popular unsupervised classification algorithms allow the identification of hard or probabilistic partitions. However, with complex data sets such as those in the health domain, these partitions have their limits. Indeed, they do not allow to model atypical or imprecise observations. This study aims to analyzing sequential data of patients with from chronic pain. A first step is to extract characteristics from these time series and then selecting the most important attributes. A second step, consists to use the evidential c-means (ECM) clustering algorithm on the extracted attributes. The ECM method generates a credal partition that has the ability to model many forms of uncertainty. This partition can then be transformed into a hard partition in order to study individuals according to this uncertainty criterion. The explicability of the hard partition identified through descriptive analysis and statistical tests allowed us to identify the profile of these chronic pain patients