Renewal and Innovation in the Emergence of Indo-European Evaluative Morphology

A diachronic survey in the field of the so-called evaluative morphology in some branches of the Indoeuropean family (above all Romance and Slavonic languages and Greek) reveals two different tendencies. On the one side suffixes that displayed a diminutive value in the earliest stages of these languages do not correspond to present-day diminutive suffixes. On the other side, Proto-Indoeuropean before and Latin and Ancient Greek then lacked augmentative suffixes at all, while Romance languages and Modern Greek have at their disposal some of them. So, diminutives seem a dynamic and unstable linguistic strategy, which, in the course of ages, has undergone a wide (cyclic?) renewal: the semantic function has been kept on, while the formal strategies to express it have changed. Instead, augmentatives seem to be the result of an innovation: to a sure point, a new category has been introduced and each language has had to find the means to express it. In a diachronic perspective, augmentatives seem to be a more steady linguistic strategy than diminutives. In this paper I intend at reconstructing, going backwards, the genesis of some Romance, Slavonic, and Greek diminutive and augmentative suffixes in order to single out both their semantic archetypes and possible common stages recurring in their evolutive processes

Premessa

Questo volume è dedicato agli insegnanti delle scuole italiane, che ogni giorno entrano in classe disposti a cogliere le sfide e le opportunità rappresentate dalla presenza sempre più sensibile di allievi plurilingui. I contributi qui raccolti hanno lo scopo di aiutare gli insegnanti a valorizzare le lingue degli allievi di cittadinanza non italiana (sia quelli di recente migrazione, sia quelli nati in Italia), fornendo spunti per includere aspetti relativi al plurilinguismo nelle attività didattiche. Il volume contiene una serie di brevi capitoli mirati a descrivere le lingue straniere maggior- mente presenti nelle scuole italiane, in modo che gli insegnanti possano approfondire la conoscen- za dei principali aspetti storico-culturali e strutturali di queste lingue, e trovare in questa conoscenza spunto per percorsi di insegnamento che coinvolgano l’intera classe

A fully automated micro‑CT deep learning approach for precision preclinical investigation of lung fibrosis progression and response to therapy

: Micro-computed tomography (µCT)-based imaging plays a key role in monitoring disease progression and response to candidate drugs in various animal models of human disease, but manual image processing is still highly time-consuming and prone to operator bias. Focusing on an established mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis we document, here, the ability of a fully automated deep-learning (DL)-based model to improve and speed-up lung segmentation and the precise measurement of morphological and functional biomarkers in both the whole lung and in individual lobes. µCT-DL whose results were overall highly consistent with those of more conventional, especially histological, analyses, allowed to cut down by approximately 45-fold the time required to analyze the entire dataset and to longitudinally follow fibrosis evolution and response to the human-use-approved drug Nintedanib, using both inspiratory and expiratory μCT. Particularly significant advantages of this µCT-DL approach, are: (i) its reduced experimental variability, due to the fact that each animal acts as its own control and the measured, operator bias-free biomarkers can be quantitatively compared across experiments; (ii) its ability to monitor longitudinally the spatial distribution of fibrotic lesions, thus eliminating potential confounding effects associated with the more severe fibrosis observed in the apical region of the left lung and the compensatory effects taking place in the right lung; (iii) the animal sparing afforded by its non-invasive nature and high reliability; and (iv) the fact that it can be integrated into different drug discovery pipelines with a substantial increase in both the speed and robustness of the evaluation of new candidate drugs. The µCT-DL approach thus lends itself as a powerful new tool for the precision preclinical monitoring of BLM-induced lung fibrosis and other disease models as well. Its ease of operation and use of standard imaging instrumentation make it easily transferable to other laboratories and to other experimental settings, including clinical diagnostic applications

Midterm results on a new self-expandable covered stent combined with branched stent grafts: Insights from a multicenter Italian registry

Objective: To investigate the technical periprocedural and midterm outcomes of endovascular repairs with multibranched endovascular repair or iliac branch devices combined with a new self-expanding covered stent. Methods: The COvera in BRAnch registry is a physician-initiated, multicenter, ambispective, observational registry (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04598802) enrolling patients receiving a multibranched endovascular repair or iliac branch devices procedure mated with Bard Covera Plus (Tempe, AZ) covered stent, designed to evaluate the outcomes of the covered stent mated with patient-specific and off-the-shelf branched stent graft. Primary end points were technical success, branch instability, and freedom from aortic and branch-related reintervention within 30 days and at follow-up. Preoperative characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes definitions were graded according to the Society for Vascular Surgery reporting standards. Results: Two hundred eighty-four patients (76 years; range, 70-80 years; 79% males) in 24 centers were enrolled for a total of 708 target vessels treated. The covered stents were mated with an off-the-shelf graft in 556 vessels (79%) and a custom-made graft in 152 (21%). Three hundred seven adjunctive relining stents in 277 vessels (39%) were deployed, of which 116 (38%) were proximal, 66 (21%) intrastent, and 125 (41%) distal. Adjunctive relining stent placement was more frequent when landing in a vessel branch instead of the main trunk (59% vs 39%; P = .031), performing a percutaneous access (49% vs 35%; P < .001), using a stent with a diameter of 8 mm or greater (44% vs 36%; P = .032) and a length of 80 mm or greater (65% vs 55%; P = .005), when a post-dilatation was not performed (45% vs 29%; P < .001) and when an inner branch configuration was used (55% vs 35%; P < .001). Perioperative technical bridging success was 98%. Eight patients (3%) died in the perioperative period. Two deaths (1%) were associated with renal branch occlusion followed by acute kidney injury and paraplegia. Follow-up data were available for 638 vessels (90%) at a median of 32 months (Q1, Q3, 21, 46). Branch instability was reported in 1% of branches. Forty-six patients (17%) died during follow-up, nine (3%) of them owing to aortic-related causes. Primary patency rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 99% (581/587), 99% (404/411), and 97% (272/279), respectively. Branch instability was associated with patient-specific devices (9% vs 4%; P = .014) and intrastent adjunctive stent placement (12% vs 2%; P = .003), especially when a bare metal balloon-expandable stent was used (25% vs 3%; P < .001). Conclusions: The use of this new self-expanding covered stent mated with branched endografts proved to be safe and feasible with high technical procedural success rates. Low rates of branch instability were observed at midterm follow-up. Comparative studies with other commercially available covered stents are warranted

Activation of anti-inflammatory cell pathways in skin ulcers upon photodynamic therapy

This study was aimed at assessing the variations in skin histology in ulcers caused by chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities, upon photodynamic therapy (PDT). The study was approved by the ethical committee of Azienda Sanitaria Firenze. Patient assessment included clinical history, physical examination and echo-Doppler sonography. Four to five sessions of photodynamic therapy (20% 5-aminolevulinic acid gel application followed by 3 min irradiation at 630 nm, total 180 J/cm2) were administered to 15 patients refractory to previous conventional treatments. Skin biopsies were embedded in freezing tissue medium and quick frozen. Cryosections were post fixed in cold acetone. Sections from each case were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or labelled with primary antibodies against the following antigens: MHC-II class, DC-SIGN, CD68, CD163, BDCA2, CD4, CD25, TNF alpha. In some instances avidin and Ulex europaeus lectin were used to tag mast cells and vessels respectively. Upon treatment, MHC-II signal intensity per positive cell and TNF alpha signal in mast cells increased, as well as the numbers of CD68 positive/CD163 positive cells (M2 macrophages), BDCA2 positive (plasmacytoid dendritic) cells and CD4 positive/CD25 positive (Treg) lymphocytes number. Diffuse tissue TGF beta positivity also increased. DC-SIGN positive cells decreased in number. Mast cells were found in proximity of dendritic cells and of vessels; plasmacytoid dendritic cells were found in proximity of T reg cells. Clinically, mild decrease in ulcer size and granulation at ulcer borders were observed. Therefore treatment apparently led to the activation of cells and of intercellular communication pathways possibly down-regulating the inflammatory response. The same treatment had been shown to increase mast cell expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast number (1), potentially responsible for increased production of extracellular matrix. Both types of effects could by synergistically beneficial for ulcer repair. This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, MIUR FIRB 2010 and MIUR PRIN-2009; University and Research, Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze (Grant n. 3681 year 2012) and Foemina Foundation

Effectiveness and tolerability of chlormethine gel for the management of mycosis fungoides: a multicenter real-life evaluation

BackgroundTopical chlormethine (CL) is recommended as a first-line treatment for early-stage mycosis fungoides (MF) and in 2017, the European Medicines Agency approved the CL gel formulation to treat adult patients. More recently, to increase patient compliance and adherence, clinicians have developed flexible protocols that allow the concomitant use of CL gel with topical corticosteroids in daily practice regimens. Therefore, sharing real-life data on CL gel use and side effects management may help improve the use of this agent.ObjectivesTo expand knowledge about the actual use of CL gel in patients with MF, the present study assessed the improvement of MF skin lesions after CL gel treatment and provided information on the management of cutaneous adverse events (AEs) in a real-life setting.MethodsThis was an Italian retrospective study conducted among six dermatology referral centers. Patients ≥18 years affected by MF and in treatment with CL gel (160 µ/g), alone or in combination according to routine clinical practice, between December 2019 and December 2021 were considered. The study’s primary aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of CL gel in terms of overall response rate (ORR) after 3 months of treatment.ResultsA total of 79 patients (61% male) with different stages of MF (84% early stage) were included. CL gel was prescribed mainly in association with topical corticosteroids (66% of patients). ORR after 3 months of treatment was 42%, with no differences between early- and advanced-stage MF. Response rates improved over time up to 97% after 18 months of treatment. Overall, 66 AEs were reported in 67% of patients; most were hyperpigmentation (45%) and irritant contact dermatitis (37%). Six AEs led to treatment discontinuation, and five out of six (83%) patients who reported these events resumed treatment after interruption. No AEs were classified as severe.ConclusionsOur observations support the use of CL gel in patients with early- and advanced-stage MF, making it a valuable treatment option