Mass of genes rather than master genes underlie the genomic architecture of amphibian speciation.

The genetic architecture of speciation, i.e., how intrinsic genomic incompatibilities promote reproductive isolation (RI) between diverging lineages, is one of the best-kept secrets of evolution. To directly assess whether incompatibilities arise in a limited set of large-effect speciation genes, or in a multitude of loci, we examined the geographic and genomic landscapes of introgression across the hybrid zones of 41 pairs of frog and toad lineages in the Western Palearctic region. As the divergence between lineages increases, phylogeographic transitions progressively become narrower, and larger parts of the genome resist introgression. This suggests that anuran speciation proceeds through a gradual accumulation of multiple barrier loci scattered across the genome, which ultimately deplete hybrid fitness by intrinsic postzygotic isolation, with behavioral isolation being achieved only at later stages. Moreover, these loci were disproportionately sex linked in one group (Hyla) but not in others (Rana and Bufotes), implying that large X-effects are not necessarily a rule of speciation with undifferentiated sex chromosomes. The highly polygenic nature of RI and the lack of hemizygous X/Z chromosomes could explain why the speciation clock ticks slower in amphibians compared to other vertebrates. The clock-like dynamics of speciation combined with the analytical focus on hybrid zones offer perspectives for more standardized practices of species delimitation

Molecular characterisation of virulence graded field isolates of myxoma virus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Myxoma virus </it>(MV) has been endemic in Europe since shortly after its deliberate release in France in 1952. While the emergence of more resistant hosts and more transmissible and attenuated virus is well documented, there have been relatively few studies focused on the sequence changes incurred by the virus as it has adapted to its new host. In order to identify regions of variability within the MV genome to be used for phylogenetic studies and to try to investigate causes of MV strain attenuation we have molecularly characterised nine strains of MV isolated in Spain between the years 1992 and 1995 from wide ranging geographic locations and which had been previously graded for virulence by experimental infection of rabbits.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The findings reported here show the analysis of 16 genomic regions accounting for approximately 10% of the viral genomes. Of the 20 genes analysed 5 (M034L, M069L, M071L, M130R and M135R) were identical in all strains and 1 (M122R) contained only a single point mutation in an individual strain. Four genes (M002L/R, M009L, M036L and M017L) showed insertions or deletions that led to disruption of the ORFs.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The findings presented here provide valuable tools for strain differentiation and phylogenetic studies of MV isolates and some clues as to the reasons for virus attenuation in the field.</p

A rapid rate of sex-chromosome turnover and non-random transitions in true frogs.

The canonical model of sex-chromosome evolution predicts that, as recombination is suppressed along sex chromosomes, gametologs will progressively differentiate, eventually becoming heteromorphic. However, there are numerous examples of homomorphic sex chromosomes across the tree of life. This homomorphy has been suggested to result from frequent sex-chromosome turnovers, yet we know little about which forces drive them. Here, we describe an extremely fast rate of turnover among 28 species of Ranidae. Transitions are not random, but converge on several chromosomes, potentially due to genes they harbour. Transitions also preserve the ancestral pattern of male heterogamety, in line with the 'hot-potato' model of sex-chromosome transitions, suggesting a key role for mutation-load accumulation in non-recombining genomic regions. The importance of mutation-load selection in frogs might result from the extreme heterochiasmy they exhibit, making frog sex chromosomes differentiate immediately from emergence and across their entire length

El estudio de las tolerancias térmicas para el examen de hipótesis biogeográficas y de la vulnerabilidad de los organismos ante el calentamiento global: ejemplos en anfíbios

La temperatura afecta de manera decisiva a las reacciones químicas que condicionan todos los procesos fisiológicos (Hochachka & Somero, 2002), determinando los patrones de distribución y abundancia de los organismos, así como numerosas interacciones ecológicas (Andrewartha & Birch, 1954; Dunson & Travis, 1991). Podemos, por tanto, afirmar que la temperatura, como componente abiótico fundamental, representa un factor selectivo de primer orden al influir en la supervivencia, crecimiento y dispersión de los organismos (Angiletta, 2009). El estudio de los rangos de tolerancia fisiológicos, especialmente los rangos térmicos, resulta imprescindible para comprender numerosos aspectos de la biología de los organismos, ya que representan las condiciones que limitan su nicho fundamental y, por tanto, su presencia y evolución en un determinado hábitat y área geográfica (Hutchinson, 1981; Kearney & Porter, 2009; Soberón & Nakamura, 2009; Townsend et al., 2011; Seebacher & Franklin, 2012). Se espera que las condiciones térmicas locales dirijan la evolución de los límites de tolerancia térmica, de su potencial plástico de aclimatación y en definitiva deriven en adaptaciones térmicas (Angiletta, 2009; Bozinovic et al., 2011). El interés por el estudio de la evolución y funcionalidad de estos límites térmicos es fuente de numerosas hipótesis biogeográficas y representa un elemento crucial en la determinación de la vulnerabilidad de las especies a los impactos del cambio climático.Fil: Tejedo, Miguel. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Duarte, Helder. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Guiérrez Pesquera, Luis M.. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Beltran, Juan Francisco. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: Katzenberger, Marcos. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Marangoni, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Navas, Carlos Arturo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Nicieza, Alfredo G.. Universidad de Oviedo; EspañaFil: Relyea, Rick A.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Rezende, Enrico L.. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Richter Boix, Alex. University Uppsala; SueciaFil: Santos, Mauro. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; EspañaFil: Simon, Monique. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Solé, Mirco. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasi

Protein requirement of tambaqui juveniles (Colossoma macropomum) after feed deprivation

The aim of this work was evaluate protein requirement of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles after feed deprivation. During 60 days, fish (50,3 ± 0,26 g) were fed on four isoenergetics diets with different protein content (28, 32, 36 and 40% crude protein) at two feeding regimes (with and without feed deprivation) under completely random factorial design (4x2) in triplicate. Water quality parameters and performance index were evaluated at 1º, 15º and 60º days. Water quality parameters were kept at normal fish cultivation patterns. No mortality in the tested treatments. There were observed differences among treatments for performance indexes analyzed: growth rate, feed efficiency, daily feed consumption, crude protein consumption, efficiency protein rate and relative weight gain, except for hepatosomatic index. Hyperfagia was detected indicating the occurrence of compensatory growth. Fat content and body protein deposition increased in fishes refed on 36% of crude protein. These results explain some data observed belong the experiment like the increase of weight gain, of the hyperfagia time extension, of the growth rate and of the feed efficiency. Therefore those fish shows increase on weight gain, hyperfagia time, growth rate and feed efficiency. There is no influence of feed deprivation on protein requirement tambaqui juveniles.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a exigência protéica de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) após a privação alimentar. Os peixes (50,3 ± 0,26g) foram submetidos a quatro rações isoenergéticas com diferentes concentrações protéicas (28, 32, 36 e 40% proteína bruta) e dois regimes alimentares (com privação e sem privação) durante 60 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x2, em triplicata. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de qualidade de água e de desempenho no 1º, 15º e 60º dia de experimento. Os parâmetros da qualidade da água permaneceram dentro dos padrões de cultivo. Não houve mortalidade nos tratamentos testados. Foram observados diferenças entre os tratamentos para os índices de desempenho analisadostaxa de crescimento específico, eficiência alimentar, consumo diário de ração, consumo de proteína bruta, taxa de eficiência protéica e ganho de peso relativo, com exceção do índice hepatossomático. Houve hiperfagia, indicando a existência de crescimento compensatório. Os peixes realimentados com 36% proteína bruta tiveram incremento no teor de gordura visceral e maior deposição de proteína corporal. Estes resultados explicam uma melhora nos dados de ganho de peso, duração da hiperfagia, taxa de crescimento e eficiência alimentar. A privação alimentar não influencia a exigência protéica em juvenis de tambaqui