400 research outputs found
Second language user support
Computer users rarely experience entirely trouble-free interaction. The natural variety ofindividuals ensures that no software systems yield constantly fluent interaction for allusers. In consequence, software designers often strive to ameliorate this situation bybuilding 'user support' into their systems. User support can take different forms but,conventionally, each aims to assist the needy end-user by means of facilities directly supporting the performance of certain operations, or through supply of information thatadvises the user on available system functionality.The present paper briefly characterises a range of user support facilities before describingone requirement in greater detail. This aspect considers the needs of users whose mother-tongue is not English, but who are obliged to use English-based information systems. Inthis context, 'helping the user' must reasonably extend beyond mere advice on systemoperation to selective elucidation of information content. We regard this move as alogical extension of the user support concept, by seeking to address specific interactionneeds in a target user population. An example of this approach is described through aninformation system, in the domain of civil engineering, for native Chinese speakers ofEnglish
Electrical, optical and magnetic resonance studies of novel [pi]-conjugated polymers
Conductivity, optical properties including visible and infrared (IR) absorption and photoluminescence (PL), and magnetic resonance properties including electron spin resonance (ESR) and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) have been studied in polydiethynylsilanes (PDES) and poly(2,5-dibutoxyparaphenyleneacetylene) (PDBOPA), which were recently synthesized by Dr. T. J. Barton\u27s group at the Ames Laboratory. PDES and PDBOPA blend and PDBOPA-based electroluminescent preliminary diodes which were fabricated by the author were also explored;The undoped one-dimensional gap of PDES polymers, which have average molecular weight from ~2 x 10[superscript]5 to 1 x 10[superscript]6, is 2.0 eV in both films and solutions; photoluminescence is barely observed. I[subscript]2 doping induces a single absorption band at ~1.05 eV in solutions and lightly doped films, but another at ~0.55 eV in heavily doped films. Both are correlated with strong IR-active vibrations associated with known lines in Raman scattering. The doping-induced ESR of the solutions is linear in the 1.05-eV peak, but only ~2% of the carriers yield an ESR, which is motionally narrowed. No double modulation light-induced ESR is detected. The results are discussed in relation to solitons, polarons, bipolarons, and A-B solitons;PDBOPA with average molecular weight ~5 x 10[superscript]4 is somehow passive to I[subscript]2 doping. Exposure to I[subscript]2 vapor at ~80°C increases the conductivity to ~5 x 10[superscript]-3 S/cm, but the I[subscript]2 rapidly evolves from the film at room temperature. The absorption onsets at 2.53 eV and peaks at 2.81 eV. The 2.71 eV-excited photoluminescence (PL) peaks at ~2.0 eV in films and solutions. In all cases, it is very intense and largely structureless. Three PL-enhancing ODMR features are observed: (i) a strong narrow (~15 G wide) resonance at g = 2.0025, attributed to intrachain polaron recombination; (ii) a ~1.2 kG wide triplet exciton powder pattern around g ~ 2, and (iii) the [delta]m[subscript] s = 2 transitions of these excitons at g ≅ 4.07. The results are discussed in relation to conformational defects resulting from the near cylindrical symmetry of the backbone acetylene units;The improving optical properties of dilute PDBOPA blend over pure PDBOPA including the strong enhancement of the PL quantum yield, reduced photoinduced degradation, a large blue shift of the PL peak and a partially resolved vibronic structure in the PL spectrum are discussed within the framework of dynamics of photo-excitation and decay. The PDBOPA based electroluminescent diodes have been successfully fabricated for the first time, although the quantum yield was low. Suggestions for improvements are briefly discussed. ftn*DOE Report IS-T-1559. This work was performed under contract No. W-7405-Eng-82 with the U.S. Department of Energy
Radial breathing vibration of double-walled carbon nanotubes subjected to pressure
A theoretical vibrational analysis of the radial breathing mode (RBM) of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) subjected to pressure is presented based on an elastic continuum model. The results agree with reported experimental results obtained under different conditions. Frequencies of the RBM in DWCNTs subjected to increasing pressure depend strongly on circumferential wave numbers, but weakly on the aspect ratio and axial half-wave numbers. For the inner and outer tubes of DWCNTs, the frequency of the RBM increases obviously as the pressure increases under different conditions. The range of variation is smaller for the inner tube than the outer tube.ArticlePHYSICS LETTERS A. 375(24):2416-2421 (2011)journal articl
Nonlocal vibration of embedded double-layer graphene nanoribbons in in-phase and anti-phase modes
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), the finite-wide counterparts of crystalline graphene sheets, have been potential materials used in nano-devices because of their excellent electronic, thermal and mechanical properties. In this work, a theoretical analysis of nonlocal elasticity theory for the free vibrational characteristics of embedded double-layer GNRs (DLGNRs) is proposed based on continuum and Winkler spring models. We find two types of vibrational modes, in-phase mode (IPM) and anti-phase mode (APM). The results show that the vibrational properties of DLGNRs show different behaviors in IPM and APM. The natural frequencies of DLGNR embedded in an elastic matrix are significantly influenced by nonlocal effects, the aspect ratio of DLGNRs and the Winkler foundation modulus.ArticlePHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES. 44(7-8):1136-1141 (2012)journal articl
Nonlocal elasticity theory for the buckling of double-layer graphene nanoribbons based on a continuum model
The mechanical stability of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is an important mechanical property to study, when GNRs are used as components in sensors or other nanodevices. In this paper, nonlocal effects are considered in a continuum model based theoretical analysis of the critical buckling stress of cantilevered double-layer GNRs (DLGNRs) that are subjected to an axial compressive load. The results show that the nonlocal effect has an inverse relationship with the buckling stress, and the nonlocal effect decreases with increasing aspect ratio of DLGNRs. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report that, for DLGNRs in anti-phase modes, lower buckling mode can endure higher buckling stress because of van der Waals (vdW) interaction.ArticleCOMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE. 50(11):3085-3090 (2011)journal articl
Radial breathing mode of carbon nanotubes subjected to axial pressure
In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the radial breathing mode (RBM) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) subjected to axial pressure is presented based on an elastic continuum model. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are described as an individual elastic shell and double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) are considered to be two shells coupled through the van der Waals force. The effects of axial pressure, wave numbers and nanotube diameter on the RBM frequency are investigated in detail. The validity of these theoretical results is confirmed through the comparison of the experiment, calculation and simulation. Our results show that the RBM frequency is linearly dependent on the axial pressure and is affected by the wave numbers. We concluded that RBM frequency can be used to characterize the axial pressure acting on both ends of a CNT
Contemporary Inspection and Monitoring for High-Speed Rail System
Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques have been explored and extensively utilised to help maintaining safety operation and improving ride comfort of the rail system. As an ascension of NDT techniques, the structural health monitoring (SHM) brings a new era of real-time condition assessment of rail system without interrupting train service, which is significantly meaningful to high-speed rail (HSR). This chapter first gives a review of NDT techniques of wheels and rails, followed by the recent applications of SHM on HSR enabled by a combination of advanced sensing technologies using optical fibre, piezoelectric and other smart sensors for on-board and online monitoring of the railway system from vehicles to rail infrastructure. An introduction of research frontier and development direction of SHM on HSR is provided subsequently concerning both sensing accuracy and efficiency, through cutting-edge data-driven analytic studies embracing such as wireless sensing and compressive sensing, which answer for the big data’s call brought by the new age of this transport
Effects of polymer additives in the bulk of turbulent thermal convection
We present experimental evidence that a minute amount of polymer additives
can significantly enhance heat transport in the bulk region of turbulent
thermal convection. The effects of polymer additives are found to be the
\textit{suppression} of turbulent background fluctuations that give rise to
incoherent heat fluxes that make no net contribution to heat transport, and at
the same time to \textit{increase} the coherency of temperature and velocity
fields. The suppression of small-scale turbulent fluctuations leads to more
coherent thermal plumes that result in the heat transport enhancement. The fact
that polymer additives can increase the coherency of thermal plumes is
supported by the measurements of a number of local quantities, such as the
extracted plume amplitude and width, the velocity autocorrelation functions and
the velocity-temperature cross-correlation coefficient. The results from local
measurements also suggest the existence of a threshold value for the polymer
concentration, only above which can significant modification of the plume
coherent properties and enhancement of the local heat flux be observed.
Estimation of the plume emission rate suggests that the second effect of
polymer additives is to stabilize the thermal boundary layers.Comment: 8 figures, 11 page
Prevalence of insomnia symptoms and their associated factors in patients treated in outpatient clinics of four general hospitals in Guangzhou, China
Background: Data on the prevalence of insomnia symptoms in medical outpatient clinics in China are lacking. This study examined the prevalence of insomnia symptoms and their socio-demographic correlates in patients treated at medical outpatient clinics affiliated with four general hospitals in Guangzhou, a large metropolis in southern China.
Method: A total of 4399 patients were consecutively invited to participate in the study. Data on insomnia and its socio-demographic correlates were collected with standardized questionnaires.
Results: The prevalence of any type of insomnia symptoms was 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 20.9–23.3%); the prevalence of difficulty initiating sleep was 14.3%, difficulty maintaining sleep was 16.2%, and early morning awakening was 12.4%. Only 17.5% of the patients suffering from insomnia received sleeping pills. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that male gender, education level, rural residence, and being unemployed or retired were negatively associated with insomnia symptoms, while lacking health insurance, older age and more severe depressive symptoms were positively associated with insomnia symptoms.
Conclusions: Insomnia symptoms are common in patients attending medical outpatient clinics in Guangzhou. Increasing awareness of sleep hygiene measures, regular screening and psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for insomnia are needed in China.
Trial registration: ChiCTR-INR-16008066. Registered 8 March 2016
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