THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNING STRATEGY USE IN ENGLISH AND MOTIVATION OF STUDENTS AT A COLLEAGUE IN CAN THO CITY, VIETNAM

Among the many factors that increase students’ achievement in the mastery of foreign languages, including English, are motivation and use of language learning strategies. Previous studies by a range of researchers have identified these two elements as the most important in obtaining success in language learning. This study carried out on 152 university students, roughly equal in gender, studying at a university in Can Tho, Vietnam, sought to discover the relationships between these two factors within the Vietnamese language learning context. In particular, the study sought to 1) discover which of two types of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic, is most prevalent among the students studied; 2) their use of language learning strategies; 3) reveals the relationship between students' motivation and use of language learning strategies; and 4) describe the differences in their use of language learning strategies based on whether their motivation was high, medium or low. Research instruments included Schmidt et al.'s Questionnaire on Motivation in Learning English, and Oxford's Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (both modified for the Vietnamese language learning context and translated into Vietnamese), plus an interview with 18 of the students to gain greater insight into the answers they gave on the questionnaires. Results were obtained using standard deviations and t-tests. They showed that Vietnamese university students are mainly extrinsically motivated; that all strategies were used at least at a medium level, amidst other fluctuations; and that those metacognitive strategies are most prevalent among medium and high motivated students but affective strategies are most common among low motivation students. Recommendations flowing from these results are that teachers should prioritize the formal teaching of learning strategies and should attempt to increase intrinsic motivation by putting greater emphasis on making language learning fun and relevant to the students' interests and passions. Article visualizations

COMMON CHALLENGES IN VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH-MAJORED JUNIORS AT TAY DO UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM

It is undoubted that translation plays an indispensable role in exchanging information, news, culture, literature and sciences among people globally. In other words, translation facilitates communication and understanding between people who come from various cultures and speak different languages. Owing to the significance of translation, it is employed as a fundamental subject to English majored students. Nevertheless, it is not an easy subject for students to master. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the obstacles that students often encountered when translating texts from Vietnamese to English. This was a quantitative and qualitative research. The questionnaire and test paper were used as two major instruments to gain the most reliable findings. To achieve the goal, 74 English majored juniors from both English 10A and 10B at Tay Do University were selected as the sample for this research. The results showed that English majored juniors faced many challenges in Vietnamese-English translation, consisting of vocabulary, grammatical structures and cultural aspects. Article visualizations

EFL STUDENT’S PROBLEMS WITH PARAGRAPH WRITING AT TAY DO UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM

This paper studied problems in EFL students’ paragraph writing. The research participants were first-year students of English in Tay Do University (TDU). To achieve the desired aims of the current study, the researcher combined both qualitative and quantitative methods, using questionnaires, interviews, and observations as the main instruments. The researcher used the package of social sciences (SPSS) for analysis. Research results showed that the freshmen at TDU often encountered problems in writing paragraphs. These accounted for grammatical structures, vocabulary, and coherence. Basing on the research results, students could recognize their difficulties when writing and find some new ways to overcome them. It is suggested that teachers should find and update some new teaching methods so as to develop students’ paragraph writing skills. Article visualizations

Downregulation of Glutamine Synthetase, not glutaminolysis, is responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The cellular receptor Notch1 is a central regulator of T-cell development, and as a consequence, Notch1 pathway appears upregulated in > 65% of the cases of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, strategies targeting Notch1 signaling render only modest results in the clinic due to treatment resistance and severe side effects. While many investigations reported the different aspects of tumor cell growth and leukemia progression controlled by Notch1, less is known regarding the modifications of cellular metabolism induced by Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL. Previously, glutaminolysis inhibition has been proposed to synergize with anti-Notch therapies in T-ALL models. In this work, we report that Notch1 upregulation in T-ALL induced a change in the metabolism of the important amino acid glutamine, preventing glutamine synthesis through the downregulation of glutamine synthetase (GS). Downregulation of GS was responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven T-ALL both in vitro and in vivo. Our results also confirmed an increase in glutaminolysis mediated by Notch1. Increased glutaminolysis resulted in the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, a central controller of cell growth. However, glutaminolysis did not play any role in Notch1-induced glutamine addiction. Finally, the combined treatment targeting mTORC1 and limiting glutamine availability had a synergistic effect to induce apoptosis and to prevent Notch1-driven leukemia progression. Our results placed glutamine limitation and mTORC1 inhibition as a potential therapy against Notch1-driven leukemia.This work was supported by funds from the followinginstitutions: Agencia Estatal de Investigacion/Euro-pean Regional Development Fund, European Union(PGC2018-096244-B-I00, SAF2016-75442-R), Ministryof Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain,Spanish National Research Council—CSIC, InstitutNational de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale—INSERM, Ligue Contre le Cancer—Gironde, Univer-site de Bordeaux, Fondation pour la Recherche Medi-cale, the Conseil Regional d’Aquitaine, SIRIC-BRIO,Fondation ARC and Institut Europeen de Chimie etBiologie. MJN was supported by a bourse d’excellencede la Federation Wallonie-Bruxelles (WBI) and a post-doctoral fellowship from Fondation ARC. We thankVincent Pitard (Flow Cytometry Platform, Universitede Bordeaux, France) for technical assistance in flowcytometry experiments. We thank Diana Cabrera(Metabolomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Spain) fortechnical assistance in metabolomics analysi

Downregulation of Glutamine Synthetase, not glutaminolysis, is responsible for glutamine addiction in Notch1-driven acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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Biochemical and cellular characterization of the interplay between glutamine metabolism, mTOR and Notch1 signaling in cancer therapy

La tumorigenèse est un processus multi-étapes, constituée d'altérations génétiques qui conduisent à la transformation maligne des cellules humaines normales. Au cours de cette transformation maligne, l’activité de différentes voies oncogéniques est augmentée. Les voies de signalisation mTORC1 et Notch1 sont des voies oncogéniques bien connues qui jouent un rôle central dans la régulation de la croissance et du métabolisme cellulaires. Les traitements anti-mTORC1 et Notch1 sont approuvées en tant que thérapies anticancéreuses pour plusieurs types de tumeurs. Néanmoins, les cellules cancéreuses développent des résistances à ces inhibiteurs induisant un nombre important de rechute et donc d’échec de ces traitements. Ainsi, le but principal de ce travail est d'étudier l'inhibition des voies de signalisation mTORC1 et Notch1 dans les cellules cancéreuses afin de concevoir de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques anticancéreuses. En premier lieu, nous avons décrit une nouvelle classe d'inhibiteurs de mTORC1 qui présente une cytotoxicité spécifique vis-à-vis des cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons démontré que l’ICSN3250, un analogue de l'halituline marine cytotoxique, inhibe mTORC1 et induit la mort cellulaire. Le mécanisme moléculaire de cette inhibition est basé sur le déplacement de l'acide phosphatidique, un lipide activateur du complexe mTORC1, du domaine FRB de la protéine mTOR. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié le lien entre le métabolisme de la glutamine et la signalisation de Notch1 dans la leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë à lymphocytes T (T-ALL). Les changements métaboliques dans les cellules cancéreuses sont nécessaires à une prolifération cellulaire rapide et la croissance tumorale. Nous avons généré une lignée de cellule T-ALL dont la voie de signalisation Notch1 est constitutivement active et analysé les conséquences de cette activation sur le métabolisme de la glutamine. En effet, en absence de glutamine, l’activation de Notch1 induit la mort cellulaire par apoptose en perturbant l'accumulation de la glutamine synthétase, une enzyme qui permet la production de glutamine. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis de décrire de nouvelles stratégies pour cibler les voies mTORC1 et Notch1 dans le cancer. De futures investigations seront nécessaires pour étudier leur efficacité dans les thérapies anti-cancéreuses.Tumorigenesis is a multistep process, consisting of genetic alterations that drive the malignant transformation of normal human cells. During this transformation, different oncogenic pathways are upregulated. mTORC1 and Notch1 signaling are well-known oncogenic pathways which play a central role in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism. Anti-mTORC1 and Notch1 therapies are approved as cancer treatments for several types of tumor but there are still developed resistances and relapse diseases. Thus, the main aim of this work is to study the inhibition of mTORC1 and Notch1 signaling pathway in cancer cells in order to design new therapeutic anti-cancer strategies. In the first place, we reported new class of mTORC1 inhibitors which has cytotoxicity specifically towards cancer cells. We demonstrated that ICSN3250, an analogue of the cytotoxic marine alkaloid halitulin, inhibited mTORC1 and induced cell death. The molecular mechanism of this inhibition is based on the displacement of the lipid phosphatidic acid, an activator of mTORC1 complex, from the FRB domain of mTOR protein. At the second stage, we have studied the connection between glutamine metabolism and Notch1 signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (TALL). Metabolic changes in cancer cells are advantageous for rapid cell proliferation and tumor growth. We have generated Notch1-driven T-ALL cells and analyzed the consequences of Notch1 activation on glutamine metabolism. Indeed, under glutamine withdrawal, Notch1 upregulation induced apoptotic cell death by disrupting the accumulation of glutamine synthetase, a glutamine producing-enzyme. Overall, this thesis work allowed to describe new strategies to target mTORC1 and Notch1 pathways in cancer, which need future investigations to study their efficacy in therapies

Caractérisation biochimique et cellulaire de l’interaction entre le métabolisme de la glutamine et la signalisation de mTOR et Notch1 comme thérapie contre le cancer

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process, consisting of genetic alterations that drive the malignant transformation of normal human cells. During this transformation, different oncogenic pathways are upregulated. mTORC1 and Notch1 signaling are well-known oncogenic pathways which play a central role in the regulation of cell growth and metabolism. Anti-mTORC1 and Notch1 therapies are approved as cancer treatments for several types of tumor but there are still developed resistances and relapse diseases. Thus, the main aim of this work is to study the inhibition of mTORC1 and Notch1 signaling pathway in cancer cells in order to design new therapeutic anti-cancer strategies. In the first place, we reported new class of mTORC1 inhibitors which has cytotoxicity specifically towards cancer cells. We demonstrated that ICSN3250, an analogue of the cytotoxic marine alkaloid halitulin, inhibited mTORC1 and induced cell death. The molecular mechanism of this inhibition is based on the displacement of the lipid phosphatidic acid, an activator of mTORC1 complex, from the FRB domain of mTOR protein. At the second stage, we have studied the connection between glutamine metabolism and Notch1 signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (TALL). Metabolic changes in cancer cells are advantageous for rapid cell proliferation and tumor growth. We have generated Notch1-driven T-ALL cells and analyzed the consequences of Notch1 activation on glutamine metabolism. Indeed, under glutamine withdrawal, Notch1 upregulation induced apoptotic cell death by disrupting the accumulation of glutamine synthetase, a glutamine producing-enzyme. Overall, this thesis work allowed to describe new strategies to target mTORC1 and Notch1 pathways in cancer, which need future investigations to study their efficacy in therapies.La tumorigenèse est un processus multi-étapes, constituée d'altérations génétiques qui conduisent à la transformation maligne des cellules humaines normales. Au cours de cette transformation maligne, l’activité de différentes voies oncogéniques est augmentée. Les voies de signalisation mTORC1 et Notch1 sont des voies oncogéniques bien connues qui jouent un rôle central dans la régulation de la croissance et du métabolisme cellulaires. Les traitements anti-mTORC1 et Notch1 sont approuvées en tant que thérapies anticancéreuses pour plusieurs types de tumeurs. Néanmoins, les cellules cancéreuses développent des résistances à ces inhibiteurs induisant un nombre important de rechute et donc d’échec de ces traitements. Ainsi, le but principal de ce travail est d'étudier l'inhibition des voies de signalisation mTORC1 et Notch1 dans les cellules cancéreuses afin de concevoir de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques anticancéreuses. En premier lieu, nous avons décrit une nouvelle classe d'inhibiteurs de mTORC1 qui présente une cytotoxicité spécifique vis-à-vis des cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons démontré que l’ICSN3250, un analogue de l'halituline marine cytotoxique, inhibe mTORC1 et induit la mort cellulaire. Le mécanisme moléculaire de cette inhibition est basé sur le déplacement de l'acide phosphatidique, un lipide activateur du complexe mTORC1, du domaine FRB de la protéine mTOR. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié le lien entre le métabolisme de la glutamine et la signalisation de Notch1 dans la leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë à lymphocytes T (T-ALL). Les changements métaboliques dans les cellules cancéreuses sont nécessaires à une prolifération cellulaire rapide et la croissance tumorale. Nous avons généré une lignée de cellule T-ALL dont la voie de signalisation Notch1 est constitutivement active et analysé les conséquences de cette activation sur le métabolisme de la glutamine. En effet, en absence de glutamine, l’activation de Notch1 induit la mort cellulaire par apoptose en perturbant l'accumulation de la glutamine synthétase, une enzyme qui permet la production de glutamine. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis de décrire de nouvelles stratégies pour cibler les voies mTORC1 et Notch1 dans le cancer. De futures investigations seront nécessaires pour étudier leur efficacité dans les thérapies anti-cancéreuses

Glutamine metabolism in cancer therapy

The amino acid glutamine plays a key role in the metabolism of highly proliferating cells. During malignant transformation, cancer cells modify the consumption and processing of glutamine to sustain cell growth and proliferation. In some cases, these cancer cells become addicted to glutamine. Thus, targeting the metabolism of glutamine has been developed during last years as a potential strategy against cancer. In this review, we summarized the last advances in our knowledge about the role of glutamine metabolism in cancer therapy

An Autoethnography of an EFL Teacher Stages of Development in Choices of the Best ELT Methodology

This paper attempted to share lived experiences in the teaching career of an EFL teacher in her choices of the best pedagogical methods to be applied in her class. The paper was done under the lens of autoethnography, which was believed to be the most appropriate measure to deal with writing genres such as experiences and narratives in one’s life. The result presented three important stages that an average EFL teacher might undergo. It is hoped that the paper could provide more insights into the teaching life and experiences of the typical EFL teacher and thus be beneficial to novice colleagues in perfecting their profession. Keywords: autoethnography, ETL methodology, EFL teachers, professional development DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-21-01 Publication date:July 31st 202

Escaping mTOR inhibition for cancer therapy: Tumor suppressor functions of mTOR

A master promoter of cell growth, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is upregulated in a large percentage of cancer cells. Still, targeting mTOR using rapamycin has a limited outcome in patients. Our recent results highlight the additional role of mTOR as a tumor suppressor, explaining these modest results in the clinic.</p