APPLICATION OF THE MODEL 5E TO DESIGN A TEACHING PLAN FOR THE TOPIC “WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER?” IN 4TH GRADE SCIENCE SUBJECT OF VIETNAM IN STEM EDUCATIONAL ORIENTATION

STEM education is an educational model based on the interdisciplinary integration of science, technology, engineering and mathematics to solve real-life problems (Bentley et al., 2022; Kaleci & Korkmaz, 2018). When implementing STEM education in primary schools, there are many different approaches: discovery model, engineering design model, 5E, 6E, TRIAL model (Chacko et al., 2015; Kaleci & Korkmaz, 2018; Matsuura & Nakamura, 2021; Stohlmann et al., 2012). The selection of a model to apply appropriately is important, depending on the student, the actual teaching conditions, the teaching content, etc. The article analyzes the content of Science in primary school, teaching practice in Vietnam and illustrates the design of a specific teaching plan for grade 4 students on the basis of applying the model 5E to organize STEM education-oriented teaching in order to provide teachers with an approach when designing science teaching plans for primary school students.  Article visualizations

SOCIAL NETWORK IN MOTHER GODDESS WORSHIP: A CASE STUDY OF MEDIUM DANG THI MAT, HANG PAGODA-QUAN TAM TEMPLE, THANH MY COMMUNE, SON TAY TOWN, HANOI

Many authors, domestic and foreign, have studied different aspects of Mother Goddess worship. Studying Mother Goddess worship on the basis of  social network theory is a modern research trend, and is valuable in determining the complexity of social relationships that people build, maintain, and develop in their real lives as members of society. This article adopts some points of view in social network theory to study a specific social network in Mother Goddess worship, that of medium Dang Thi Mat, of Hang Pagoda-Quan Tam Temple, Thanh My Commune, Son Tay Town, Hanoi to clarify the characteristics, structure, homophily, operating principles, and development of this social network in modern society. The analysis in the article is based on long-term fieldwork (2015-2018), observations, and in-depth interviews with many individuals to obtain objective and tangible research results

Ideology and historical interpretation in Vietnam : a study of the sociology of consciousness

The problem of ideology in historical studies is central to this work. In addressing this problem, I have concerned myself with the task of analysing the nature of ideology through the case study of Vietnam, in which I examine the teaching material used in history curricula in three periods : French colonial (1885-1954), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945-1975) and the Republic of Vietnam (1955-1975). The theoretical framework employed for this empirical analysis is based on the thesis that the dominant ideology in a society -- in its process of diffusion and popularisation (defined here as 'hegemony') - will necessarily pervade that society's interpretation of history, particularly the kind taught in schools. I have demonstrated that within each period under investigation, there indeed emerged a dominant ideology which decisively influenced the historical consciousness of each : colonialism in the French system, foreignism in the RVN and autonomism in the DRV systems. This ideological identification was reached through a procedure based on the examination of the structural relationship between the ruling ideas, practices and social formation within each of these periods. In its study of history, each period selected, included and excluded both sources and aspects of history for emphasis and neglect. According to its own dominant ideology, each defined or redefined the concepts of tradition and nationalism, and projected a favourable image of itself in the future. In this procedure, it also attempted to incorporate opposing views -- which represented an oppositional ideology -- in order to neutralise their effects. I have also found that the immediate origins of the foreignist and autonomist ideologies and their related historiographic campaigns in Vietnam could be traced to the earlier colonialist ideology and historiography. This led me to identify the relationship between 'hegemony', 'para-hegemony' and 'counter-hegemony', and also the particular characteristics of each. On the basis of this empirical study of Vietnam, I launched a theoretical analysis of the working of ideology. In the end, I was able to argue for a materialist conception of ideology which both defines ideology in terms of a growing structure and rejects the conception which confines it to the realm of abstract ideas. I also arrived at a theoretical definition of 'dominant group' within this emergent understanding of ideology. All of this stems from my identification of ideology as 'contextual entity' and 'dialectical struggle' — an identification which is at once intimately connected with the analysis of human interest in its process of acculturation. In an attempt to distinguish different kinds of consciousness, I arrived at the idea that the sociology of consciousness is a more appropriate form of study than what is commonly known as the sociology of knowledge. This finally led to my putting forward some theoretical considerations for the study of education : I attempted in this way to show the complexity of the educational environment and the realities as well as the potentials of education in its dual role as both apparatus and theatre of hegemonic struggle

The ecological roles of golf courses in urban landscapes

The proliferation of urban golf courses accounts for a growing proportion of the urban land area in Australia and other countries. While many suggest that golf courses have an environmentally negative impact, others believe they are important nodes in the network of urban green space and can provide refugial habitat for wildlife. However, research on golf course ecology is in its infancy and this limits development of explicit guidelines for ecologically sound development. Therefore, this PhD research used remote sensing technology to investigate the ecological roles of golf courses in maintenance of vegetation at the urban landscape scale. The thesis explores temporal and spatial landscape data as well as the possible cooling effects golf course can provide in the Perth Metropolitan Region. The multifunctional aspects of green spaces in golf courses are highlighted in this study. Firstly, by using moderate resolution satellite imagery (Landsat) time series data for three decades from 1988 to 2018 to assess temporal changes in vegetation cover, the study found that vegetation clearance was significant and vegetation cover has become increasingly fragmented. It was concluded that golf courses contribute to urban conservation through the maintenance of vegetation cover and by increasing habitat connectivity during the long period of urbanisation. Secondly, high resolution satellite imagery (PlanetScope (PS) Level 3B) was then used to compare spatially the characteristics of vegetation within golf courses with other urban land-use. It found that golf courses have less conservation values than conservation land, but their role in preservation of native vegetation, vegetation health and habitat connectivity is more significant than other highly intensive urban land-uses. Thirdly, analysis of multispectral high resolution airborne imagery for assessing the capacity of golf courses in mitigating the urban temperature revealed that urban golf courses can provide cooling effects in the urban environment through the provision of tree coverage and other green areas. Despite limitations of the research being carried out at the landscape scale, the findings of the thesis can enhance the future integration of golf courses into urban biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service improvement

Degradation of aflatoxin M1 in skim milk using UVC or cold plasma : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Technology, the School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand

Contamination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and milk products has been an issue for decades as it is a food safety risk, classified as a Group 1 carcinogen. Cows consuming feed contaminated with fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) that produce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), convert AFB1 to AFM1 that is released into the milk. The best way of controlling AFM1 contamination in milk is to keep the feed dry to prevent the growth of fungi to avoid the production of AFB1. However, this is challenging in some tropical countries where the weather is hot and humid all year around. Treating milk contaminated with AFM1 is an alternative method of control. The aim of this study was to investigate two methods for milk treatment - UVC and cold plasma to reduce AFM1 in milk, investigate the factors influencing these treatments and identify the degradation products after treatment. UVC (254 nm) reduced AFM1 in skim milk to below MRL (0.5 μg/L) from an initial level of 1 μg/L after 20 min treatment. Treatment time (min), depth of samples (mm) and the stirring of the milk sample during treatment were found to significantly (P 0.05) effect the UVC efficacy. A change in milk colour was observed but the pH of the milk samples did not change. The degradant of AFM1 after UVC treatment was identified as an oxidation product which resulted in hydroxylation occurring at the double bond of the furan ring of AFM1 molecules. High voltage atmospheric cold plasma (HVACP) was used to reduce AFM1 in skim milk and explore the effect of treatment times (5, 10 and 20 min), operating gases (air and MA65 - 65% O2, 30% CO2, 5% N2), three voltages (60, 70 and 80 kV), using direct and indirect treatment, AFM1 contamination levels (0.1; 1 and 50 μg/L) and the volume of the sample (10, 20 and 30 mL). A reduction of 64.99 and 78.86% of AFM1 in skim milk after 20 min HVACP treatment using air and MA65, respectively, was achieved with the initial level of 1 μg/L. HVACP did not change the milk colour after 20 min treatment but a slight change in pH was observed. Different treatment times, different operating gases and voltages, direct and indirect treatments were found to have the most effect on AFM1 reduction. While AFM1 contamination levels (0.1; 1 and 50 μg/L) had an insignificant (P > 0.05) effect on AFM1 reduction in milk. A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma set up with small capacity high voltage generator was used to investigate the effects of other operating gases with different mixtures (5, 10 and 20% of air, pure oxygen and nitrogen in helium) and the effect of milk components (casein, lactose and whey protein) on AFM1 reduction. The degradation products of AFM1 after cold plasma treatment were determined. Although this small capability system reduced approximately 70-100% of AFM1 in water after 3 and 10 min treatment by using air/helium (10/90), the reduction of AFM1 in skim milk, whey and casein was much less, although 70% of AFM1 was reduced in lactose. The reduction of AFM1 in water was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by cold plasma with the increase in the concentration of air/pure oxygen in helium but it was unchanged regardless of the ratio of nitrogen in helium. The structure of three degradants of AFM1 after cold plasma treatment was elucidated with the confirmation of two of them resulting from damage to the furan ring of AFM1 molecules. The structure of the third one was proposed but another analysis technique is required to confirm

Voluntary pension system challenge of expanding coverage

Since 1947, the Vietnam Social Security (VSS) has provided social insurance to public servants and armed forces personnel in Vietnam. In 1995, the Government merged the social insurance unit of the Ministry of labour, invalids and social affairs with that of the Vietnam General Confederation of labor. At the same time the system became mandatory to the employees of the newly developing private sector. The consolidated system is publicly managed by the VSS administration. VSS collects contributions and pay social insurance benefits (in case of sickness and sick leaves, maternity and family planning related leaves, work injury and professional disease, survivorship and to people that reached pension ages). This paper investigates this issue by reviewing the characteristics of employment in Vietnam. It concludes that the risk that social coverage remains limited for many years is high and, presents accordingly some policy options to augment VSS's chances to reach universal coverage in the future.Pensions&Retirement Systems,Emerging Markets,Labor Markets,Debt Markets,Labor Policies

A general framework for the realistic analysis of sorting and searching algorithms. Application to some popular algorithms

We describe a general framework for realistic analysis of sorting and searching algorithms, and we apply it to the average-case analysis of five basic algorithms: three sorting algorithms (QuickSort, InsertionSort, BubbleSort) and two selection algorithms (QuickMin and SelectionMin). Usually, the analysis deals with the mean number of key comparisons, but, here, we view keys as words produced by the same source, which are compared via their symbols in the lexicographic order. The "realistic" cost of the algorithm is now the total number of symbol comparisons performed by the algorithm, and, in this context, the average-case analysis aims to providee stimates for the mean number of symbol comparisons used by the algorithm. For sorting algorithms, and with respect to key comparisons, the average-case complexity of QuickSort is asymptotic to 2n log n, InsertionSort to n^2/4 and BubbleSort to n^2/2. With respect to symbol comparisons, we prove that their average-case complexity becomes Theta(n log^2n), Theta(n^2), Theta (n^2 log n). For selection algorithms, and with respect to key comparisons, the average-case complexity of QuickMin is asymptotic to 2n, of SelectionMin is n - 1. With respect to symbol comparisons, we prove that their average-case complexity remains Theta(n). In these five cases, we describe the dominant constants which exhibit the probabilistic behaviour of the source (namely, entropy, and various notions of coincidence) with respect to the algorithm

Text-To-Speech à base de HMM (Hidden Markov Model) pour le vietnamien : modélisation de la segmentation prosodique, la conception du corpus, la conception du système, et l’évaluation perceptive

The thesis objective is to design and build a high quality Hidden Markov Model (HMM-)based Text-To-Speech (TTS) system for Vietnamese – a tonal language. The system is called VTED (Vietnamese TExt-tospeech Development system). In view of the great importance of lexical tones, a “tonophone” – an allophone in tonal context – was proposed as a new speech unit in our TTS system. A new training corpus, VDTS (Vietnamese Di-Tonophone Speech corpus), was designed for 100% coverage of di-phones in tonal contexts (i.e. di-tonophones) using the greedy algorithm from a huge raw text. A total of about 4,000 sentences of VDTS were recorded and pre-processed as a training corpus of VTED.In the HMM-based speech synthesis, although pause duration can be modeled as a phoneme, the appearanceof pauses cannot be predicted by HMMs. Lower phrasing levels above words may not be completely modeled with basic features. This research aimed at automatic prosodic phrasing for Vietnamese TTS using durational clues alone as it appeared too difficult to disentangle intonation from lexical tones. Syntactic blocks, i.e. syntactic phrases with a bounded number of syllables (n), were proposed for predicting final lengthening (n = 6) and pause appearance (n = 10). Improvements for final lengthening were done by some strategies of grouping single syntactic blocks. The quality of the predictive J48-decision-tree model for pause appearance using syntactic blocks combining with syntactic link and POS (Part-Of-Speech) features reached F-score of 81.4% Precision=87.6%, Recall=75.9%), much better than that of the model with only POS (F-score=43.6%)or syntactic link (F-score=52.6%) alone.The architecture of the system was proposed on the basis of the core architecture of HTS with an extension of a Natural Language Processing part for Vietnamese. Pause appearance was predicted by the proposed model. Contextual feature set included phone identity features, locational features, tone-related features, and prosodic features (i.e. POS, final lengthening, break levels). Mary TTS was chosen as a platform for implementing VTED. In the MOS (Mean Opinion Score) test, the first VTED, trained with the old corpus and basic features, was rather good, 0.81 (on a 5 point MOS scale) higher than the previous system – HoaSung (using the non-uniform unit selection with the same training corpus); but still 1.2-1.5 point lower than the natural speech. The quality of the final VTED, trained with the new corpus and prosodic phrasing model, progressed by about 1.04 compared to the first VTED, and its gap with the natural speech was much lessened. In the tone intelligibility test, the final VTED received a high correct rate of 95.4%, only 2.6% lower than the natural speech, and 18% higher than the initial one. The error rate of the first VTED in the intelligibility test with the Latin square design was about 6-12% higher than the natural speech depending on syllable, tone or phone levels. The final one diverged about only 0.4-1.4% from the natural speech.L’objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir et de construire, un système Text-To-Speech (TTS) haute qualité à base de HMM (Hidden Markov Model) pour le vietnamien, une langue tonale. Le système est appelé VTED (Vietnamese TExt-to-speech Development system). Au vu de la grande importance de tons lexicaux, un tonophone” – un allophones dans un contexte tonal – a été proposé comme nouvelle unité de la parole dans notre système de TTS. Un nouveau corpus d’entraînement, VDTS (Vietnamese Di-Tonophone Speech corpus), a été conçu à partir d’un grand texte brut pour une couverture de 100% de di-phones tonalisés (di-tonophones) en utilisant l’algorithme glouton. Un total d’environ 4000 phrases ont été enregistrées et pré-traitées comme corpus d’apprentissage de VTED.Dans la synthèse de la parole sur la base de HMM, bien que la durée de pause puisse être modélisée comme un phonème, l’apparition de pauses ne peut pas être prédite par HMM. Les niveaux de phrasé ne peuvent pas être complètement modélisés avec des caractéristiques de base. Cette recherche vise à obtenir un découpage automatique en groupes intonatifs au moyen des seuls indices de durée. Des blocs syntaxiques constitués de phrases syntaxiques avec un nombre borné de syllabes (n), ont été proposés pour prévoir allongement final (n = 6) et pause apparente (n = 10). Des améliorations pour allongement final ont été effectuées par des stratégies de regroupement des blocs syntaxiques simples. La qualité du modèle prédictive J48-arbre-décision pour l’apparence de pause à l’aide de blocs syntaxiques, combinée avec lien syntaxique et POS (Part-Of-Speech) dispose atteint un F-score de 81,4 % (Précision = 87,6 %, Recall = 75,9 %), beaucoup mieux que le modèle avec seulement POS (F-score=43,6%) ou un lien syntaxique (F-score=52,6%).L’architecture du système a été proposée sur la base de l’architecture HTS avec une extension d’une partie traitement du langage naturel pour le Vietnamien. L’apparence de pause a été prédit par le modèle proposé. Les caractéristiques contextuelles incluent les caractéristiques d’identité de “tonophones”, les caractéristiques de localisation, les caractéristiques liées à la tonalité, et les caractéristiques prosodiques (POS, allongement final, niveaux de rupture). Mary TTS a été choisi comme plateforme pour la mise en oeuvre de VTED. Dans le test MOS (Mean Opinion Score), le premier VTED, appris avec les anciens corpus et des fonctions de base, était plutôt bonne, 0,81 (sur une échelle MOS 5 points) plus élevé que le précédent système – HoaSung (lequel utilise la sélection de l’unité non-uniforme avec le même corpus) ; mais toujours 1,2-1,5 point de moins que le discours naturel. La qualité finale de VTED, avec le nouveau corpus et le modèle de phrasé prosodique, progresse d’environ 1,04 par rapport au premier VTED, et son écart avec le langage naturel a été nettement réduit. Dans le test d’intelligibilité, le VTED final a reçu un bon taux élevé de 95,4%, seulement 2,6% de moins que le discours naturel, et 18% plus élevé que le premier. Le taux d’erreur du premier VTED dans le test d’intelligibilité générale avec le carré latin test d’environ 6-12% plus élevé que le langage naturel selon des niveaux de syllabe, de ton ou par phonème. Le résultat final ne s’écarte de la parole naturelle que de 0,4-1,4%

WILLINGNESS OF LABOURERS TO MIGRATE FOR WORK: A SURVEY STUDY IN VIETNAM

The 13th Next-Generation Global Workshop第13回次世代グローバルワークショップテーマ: New Risks and Resilience in Asian Societies and the World 日程: 21-23 November, 2020 開催場所: ベトナム社会科学院(ハノイ)/Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences(No. 1 Lieu Giai street, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam) ※Due to the COVID-19, the workshop will be held at ONLINE for overseas participants(not from Vietnam)/ONSITE for Vietnamese participants.The paper is written based on the research on labourers' interest in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4.0 I.R.) with surveyed sample of 319 people who are working in the enterprises. The statistics analysis method was applied to analyze data. Probit regression model is also approached to quantitatively analyze. The study aims to examine the relationship between historical migration experiences and ability of working migration that a labor may intend in the future. The factors that simultaneously impact on worker's migration decision in the future are two-level migration, marriage status, having children less than 15 years old and living with other members in the family. These effects pointed out significant evidences in this study