Complications maternelles précoces de la césarienne: à propos de 460 cas dans deux hôpitaux universitaires de Yaoundé, Cameroun

Introduction: La césarienne est l'une des interventions chirurgicales courantes en obstétrique. L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer l'incidence des complications maternelles précoces de la césarienne dans deux hôpitaux universitaires de Yaoundé. Méthodes: Il s'agissait d'une analyse descriptive d'une cohorte de 460 cas de césariennes à l'Hôpital Central de Yaoundé (HCY) et à l'Hôpital Général de Yaoundé (HGY) pendant la période du 1er avril au 30 septembre 2012. Résultats: Le taux de césarienne était de 19,7% dans l'ensemble de la population de l'étude, 18,64% à l'HCY et de 23,73% à l'HGY. Les indications de la césarienne étaient prophylactiques dans 191 cas (41,52%), urgentes en dehors du travail dans 67cas (14,56%) et urgentes au cours du travail dans 202 cas (43,91%). L'incidence des complications maternelles précoces était de 20,11% à l'HCY (69/343 cas), de 7,69% à l'HGY (9/117 cas) et de 16,95% dans l'ensemble (78/460 cas). Les complicationshémorragiques étaient les plus fréquentes, 39(8,48%) cas dans l'ensemble, 35(10,2%) cas à l'HCY et 4(3,42%) cas à l'HGY. Tandis que les complications infectieuses étaient retrouvées dans 33(7,17%) cas dans l'ensemble, 31(9,04%) cas à l'HCY et 2(1,7%) cas à l'HGY. La différence des incidences de complications entre l'HCY et l'HGY était significative tant dans l'ensemble des morbidités (20,11% vs 7,69%; P=0,002) que pour les complications hémorragiques (10,2% vs 3,42%; P=0,02) et infectieuses (9,04% vs 1,71%; P=0,008). Conclusion: Les complications maternelles précoces de la césarienne dans notre milieu restent considérables. Les complications hémorragiques et infectieuses sont les plus fréquentes

Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Regions of Centre, East and West Cameroon

Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) are a major public health problem in Cameroon. The national control strategy of these diseases was based on historical data collected 25 years ago, which might be outdated in some situations due to several factors including control activities, improved or degraded sanitation and hygiene, socio-economic improvement and disease transmission dynamics. To help planning, improving control strategies and evaluation of control activities, there was a need to update the distribution of schistosomiasis and STH. We conducted parasitological surveys in three regions of Cameroon, i.e. Centre, East and West. Our results showed a significant decrease of STH infection prevalence and intensities in all these three regions, in comparison to previous mapping data, with an overall decline of prevalence from 81.1–93% to 10.5–46.6%. These results show the positive impact of annual deworming campaigns, and illustrate the progressive success of the national programme for the control of schistosomiasis and STH in Cameroon. Furthermore, our results showed an increase of the number of high transmission foci of schistosomiasis, and allowed identifying new health districts requiring mass treatment with praziquantel, and those where deworming should be reinforced

A Comparison of the Sensitivity and Fecal Egg Counts of the McMaster Egg Counting and Kato-Katz Thick Smear Methods for Soil-Transmitted Helminths

Currently, in public health, the reduction in the number of eggs excreted in stools after drug administration is used to monitor the efficacy of drugs against parasitic worms. Yet, studies comparing diagnostic methods for the enumeration of eggs in stool are few. We compared the Kato-Katz thick smear (Kato-Katz) and McMaster egg counting (McMaster) methods, which are commonly used diagnostic methods in public and animal health, respectively, for the diagnosis and enumeration of eggs of roundworms, whipworms and hookworms in 1,536 stool samples from children in five trials across Africa, Asia and South America. The Kato-Katz method was the most sensitive for the detection of roundworms, but there was no significant difference in sensitivity between the methods for hookworms and whipworms. The sensitivity of the methods differed across the trials and magnitude of egg counts. The Kato-Katz method resulted in significantly higher egg counts, but these were subject to lack of accuracy caused by intrinsic properties of this method. McMaster provided more reliable estimates of drug efficacies. We conclude that the McMaster is an alternative method for monitoring large-scale treatment programs. It allows accurate monitoring of drug efficacy and can be easily performed under field conditions

Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles nili in sub-Saharan Africa

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Anopheles nili </it>is a widespread efficient vector of human malaria parasites in the humid savannas and forested areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding <it>An. nili </it>population structure and gene flow patterns could be useful for the development of locally-adapted vector control measures.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Polymorphism at eleven recently developed microsatelitte markers, and sequence variation in four genes within the 28s rDNA subunit (ITS2 and D3) and mtDNA (COII and ND4) were assessed to explore the level of genetic variability and differentiation among nine populations of <it>An. nili </it>from Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All microsatellite loci successfully amplified in all populations, showing high and very similar levels of genetic diversity in populations from West Africa and Cameroon (mean Rs = 8.10-8.88, mean He = 0.805-0.849) and much lower diversity in the Kenge population from DRC (mean Rs = 5.43, mean He = 0.594). Bayesian clustering analysis of microsatellite allelic frequencies revealed two main genetic clusters in the dataset. The first one included only the Kenge population and the second grouped together all other populations. High Fst estimates based on microsatellites (Fst > 0.118, P < 0.001) were observed in all comparisons between Kenge and all other populations. By contrast, low Fst estimates (Fst < 0.022, P < 0.05) were observed between populations within the second cluster. The correlation between genetic and geographic distances was weak and possibly obscured by demographic instability. Sequence variation in mtDNA genes matched these results, whereas low polymorphism in rDNA genes prevented detection of any population substructure at this geographical scale.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Overall, high genetic homogeneity of the <it>An. nili </it>gene pool was found across its distribution range in West and Central Africa, although demographic events probably resulted in a higher level of genetic isolation in the marginal population of Kenge (DRC). The role of the equatorial forest block as a barrier to gene flow and the implication of such findings for vector control are discussed.</p

Description de trois espèces nouvelles de Myxosporidies (Myxozoa : Myxosporea) parasites de Citharinus citharus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809) (Citharinidae) au Tchad (Afrique Centrale)

L'examen de Citharinus citharus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 (Teléostéen, Citharinidae), récolté sur le fleuve Chari au Tchad, a révélé la présence de trois espèces nouvelles de Myxosporidies dont nous donnons ici la description complète : Thelohanellus taguii n. sp., parasite systémique; Myxobolus mbailaoi n. sp., parasite des opercules, de la peau et de l'intestin et Myxobolus charii n. sp., parasite de la peau

Description de trois espèces nouvelles de Myxosporidies (Myxozoa : Myxosporea) parasites de

L'examen de Citharinus citharus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1809 (Teléostéen, Citharinidae), récolté sur le fleuve Chari au Tchad, a révélé la présence de trois espèces nouvelles de Myxosporidies dont nous donnons ici la description complète : Thelohanellus taguii n. sp., parasite systémique; Myxobolus mbailaoi n. sp., parasite des opercules, de la peau et de l'intestin et Myxobolus charii n. sp., parasite de la peau

The short-range reaction matrix in MQDT treatment of dissociative recombination and related processes

We discuss the Lippmann-Schwinger equation which governs the short-range reaction matrix (K-matrix) in the two-step multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT) of dissociative recombination and related processes. We show that, if the energy dependence of the electronic coupling between the dissociative state and the ionization continua can be neglected, the convergence of the Born expansion of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation is achieved at second order. For the case of energy-dependent interaction, higher order effects are tested using a non-perturbative method for solving the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. Numerical examples are given for the dissociative recombination and vibrational de-excitation of the H$_{2}^{+}$ molecular ion

Absolute cross sections and kinetic energy release distributions for electron-impact dissociative excitation and ionization of NeD+

Absolute cross sections for electron impact dissociative excitation and ionization of NeD+ leading to the formation of singly and multiply charged products (D+, Ne+, Ne2+ and Ne3+) are reported, in the energy range from their respective thresholds to 2.5 keV. The animated crossed-beams method is used. For singly charged fragments, absolute cross sections are obtained separately for dissociative excitation and for dissociative ionization. Dissociative excitation is seen to be restricted to the low-energy range (<300 eV) and the D+ formation dominates over the Ne+ one. At the maximum (around 35 eV), absolute cross sections for dissociative excitation are found to be (3.6 +/- 0.8) x 10(-17) cm(2) and (6.3 +/- 1.4) x 10(-17) cm(2) for Ne+ and D+, respectively; the corresponding appearance energies are (9.1 +/- 0.5) eV and (10.0 +/- 0.5) eV. The absolute cross section for dissociative ionization (Ne++D+ formation) is found to be (7.1 +/- 1.4) x 10(-17) cm(2), around 155 eV, and the threshold energy is (26.8 +/- 0.5) eV. For multiply charged products, absolute cross sections are found, around the maximum, to be (5.4 +/- 0.5) x 10(-18) cm(2) and (18.2 +/- 2.6) x 10(-20) cm(2) for Ne2+ and Ne3+, respectively; the corresponding thresholds are (53.1 +/- 1.0) eV and (132 +/- 5) eV. Kinetic energy release distributions are determined for each detected ionic product. The presented potential energy curves correspond to dissociation channels, which are significant for the discussion of present results. At fixed electron energy, the cross sections for the various ionization channels are seen to decrease exponentially with the potential energy of each dissociated ion pair