293 research outputs found
Gravitational-wave astrophysics with effective-spin measurements: asymmetries and selection biases
Gravitational waves emitted by coalescing compact objects carry information
about the spin of the individual bodies. However, with present detectors only
the mass-weighted combination of the components of the spin along the orbital
angular momentum can be measured accurately. This quantity, the effective spin
, is conserved up to at least the second post-Newtonian
order. The measured distribution of values from a
population of detected binaries, and in particular whether this distribution is
symmetric about zero, encodes valuable information about the underlying
compact-binary formation channels. In this paper we focus on two important
complications of using the effective spin to study astrophysical population
properties: (i) an astrophysical distribution for values
which is symmetric does not necessarily lead to a symmetric distribution for
the detected effective spin values, leading to a \emph{selection bias}; and
(ii) the posterior distribution of for individual events
is \emph{asymmetric} and it cannot usually be treated as a Gaussian. We find
that the posterior distributions for systematically show
fatter tails toward larger positive values, unless the total mass is large or
the mass ratio is smaller than . Finally we show that
uncertainties in the measurement of are systematically
larger when the true value is negative than when it is positive. All these
factors can bias astrophysical inference about the population when we have more
than events and should be taken into account when using
gravitational-wave measurements to characterize astrophysical populations.Comment: An online generator for synthetic posteriors
can be found at: http://superstring.mit.edu/welcome.html Comments are welcom
Stellar Populations in the Phoenix Dwarf (dIrr/dSph) Galaxy as Observed by HST/WFPC2
We present HST/WFPC2 photometry of the central regions of the Phoenix dwarf.
Accurate photometry allows us to: 1) confirm the existence of the horizontal
branch previously detected by ground-based observations, and use it to
determine a distance to Phoenix, 2) clearly detect the existence of multiple
ages in the stellar population of Phoenix, 3) determine a mean metallicity of
the old red giant branch stars in Phoenix, and suggest that Phoenix has evolved
chemically over its lifetime, 4) extract a rough star formation history for the
central regions which suggests that Phoenix has been forming stars roughly
continuously over its entire lifetime.Comment: Accepted by AJ, 22 pages including 6 figures + 1 figure in JPEG
forma
Who Ordered That? Unequal-Mass Binary Black Hole Mergers Have Larger Effective Spins
Hierarchical analysis of the binary black hole (BBH) detections by the
Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors has offered an increasingly clear picture of
their mass, spin, and redshift distributions. Fully understanding the formation
and evolution of BBH mergers will require not just the characterization of
these marginal distributions, though, but the discovery of any correlations
that exist between the properties of BBHs. Here, we hierarchically analyze the
ensemble of BBHs discovered by the LIGO and Virgo with a model that allows for
intrinsic correlations between their mass ratios and effective inspiral
spins . At credibility, we find that the mean of
the distribution varies as a function of , such that
more unequal-mass BBHs exhibit systematically larger . We
find Bayesian odds ratio of in favor of a model that allows for such a
correlation over one that does not. Finally, we use simulated signals to verify
that our results are robust against degeneracies in the measurements of and
for individual events. While many proposed astrophysical
formation channels predict some degree correlation between spins and mass
ratio, these predicted correlations typically act in an opposite sense to the
trend we observationally identify in the data.Comment: Accepted in ApJL. New version includes edits made during productio
Experimental comparison of two methods to study barley responses to partial submergence
peer-reviewedBackground
Crop yield is dependent on climate conditions, which are becoming both more variable and extreme in some areas of the world as a consequence of global climate change. Increased precipitation and flooding events are the cause of important yield losses due to waterlogging or (partial) submergence of crops in the field. Our ability to screen efficiently and quickly for varieties that have increased tolerance to waterlogging or (partial) submergence is important. Barley, a staple crop worldwide, is particularly sensitive to waterlogging. Screening for waterlogging tolerant barley varieties has been ongoing for many years, but methods used to screen vary greatly, from the type of soil used to the time at which the treatment is applied. This variation makes it difficult to cross-compare results.
Results
Here, we have devised a scoring system to assess barley tolerance to waterlogging and compare two different methods when partial submergence is applied with either water or a starch solution at an early developmental stage, which is particularly sensitive to waterlogging or partial submergence. The use of a starch solution has been previously shown to result in more reducing soil conditions and has been used to screen for waterlogging tolerance.
Conclusions
Our results show that the two methods provide similar results to qualitatively rank varieties as tolerant or sensitive, while also affecting plants differently, in that application of a starch solution results in stronger and earlier symptoms than applying partial submergence with water
Observations and Implications of the Star Formation History of the LMC
We present derivations of star formation histories based on color-magnitude
diagrams of three fields in the LMC from HST/WFPC2 observations. A significant
component of stars older than 4 Gyr is required to match the observed
color-magnitude diagrams. Models with a dispersion-free age-metallicity
relation are unable to reproduce the width of the observed main sequence;
models with a range of metallicity at a given age provide a much better fit.
Such models allow us to construct complete ``population boxes'' for the LMC
based entirely on color-magnitude diagrams; remarkably, these qualitatively
reproduce the age-metallicity relation observed in LMC clusters. We discuss
some of the uncertainties in deriving star formation histories. We find,
independently of the models, that the LMC bar field has a larger relative
component of older stars than the outer fields. The main implications suggested
by this study are: 1) the star formation history of field stars appears to
differ from the age distribution of clusters, 2) there is no obvious evidence
for bursty star formation, but our ability to measure bursts shorter in
duration than 25% of any given age is limited by the statistics of the
observed number of stars, 3) there may be some correlation of the star
formation rate with the last close passage of the LMC/SMC/Milky Way, but there
is no dramatic effect, and 4) the derived star formation history is probably
consistent with observed abundances, based on recent chemical evolution models.Comment: Accepted by AJ, 36 pages including 12 figure
An inducible, modular system for spatio-temporal control of gene expression in stomatal guard cells
Stomata, flanked by pairs of guard cells, are small pores on the leaf surfaces of plants and they function to control gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Stomata will open when water is available to allow for the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. During periods of drought, stomata will close to reduce desiccation stress. As such, optimal functioning of stomata will impact on water use efficiency by plants. The development of an inducible, modular system for robust and targeted gene expression in stomatal guard cells is reported here. It is shown that application of ethanol vapour to activate the gene expression system did not affect the ability of stomata to respond to ABA in bioassays to determine the promotion of stomatal closure and the inhibition of stomatal opening. The system that has been developed allows for robust spatio-temporal control of gene expression in all cells of the stomatal lineage, thereby enabling molecular engineering of stomatal function as well as studies on stomatal development
Observation of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations and possible local strong parity violation in heavy ion collisions
Parity-odd domains, corresponding to non-trivial topological solutions of the
QCD vacuum, might be created during relativistic heavy-ion collisions. These
domains are predicted to lead to charge separation of quarks along the orbital
momentum of the system created in non-central collisions. To study this effect,
we investigate a three particle mixed harmonics azimuthal correlator which is a
\P-even observable, but directly sensitive to the charge separation effect. We
report measurements of this observable using the STAR detector in Au+Au and
Cu+Cu collisions at =200 and 62~GeV. The results are presented
as a function of collision centrality, particle separation in rapidity, and
particle transverse momentum. A signal consistent with several of the
theoretical expectations is detected in all four data sets. We compare our
results to the predictions of existing event generators, and discuss in detail
possible contributions from other effects that are not related to parity
violation.Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures, as accepted for publication in Physical Review
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