Politica Monetaria, Banco Central de Nicaragua : Programa Usura Cero como intrumento para la disminución de los niveles de pobreza en las familias en el distrito IV del Municipio de Managua durante el primer semestre 2016

La palabra pobre proviene del latín pauperis, que significa "infértil" "que produce poco o que tiene poco". El concepto de pobreza ha dado origen a múltiples interpretaciones y metodologías que se utilizan para calificar la situación de las personas en términos de su ingreso, consumo y nivel socioeconómico. De acuerdo con Arriagada Acuña (2005), las causas y las características de este problema difieren de un país a otro, así como las formas de interpretarlo, pues ello depende de factores culturales, género, raza o etnia; del contexto económico, social e histórico. Para resolver los efectos de las crisis económicas que afectan a la población y que generan o incrementan los niveles de pobreza, cada país emplea políticas y estrategias con las que buscan mejorar la calidad de vida de su población. El acceso a la educación, condiciones de la vivienda, servicios de salud y sanidad, calidad el medio ambiente, trabajo digno y seguridad alimentaria son algunas de las variables que se buscan modificar para lograr esta mejora. El objetivo de cada gobierno es realizar gestiones para mejorar los aspectos antes mencionados y lograr disminuir las condiciones de desigualdad que prevalecen entre sus ciudadanos. Según la Economista Laura Elena Garza (2005), las características atribuidas a las microfinanzas constituyen una vía incluyente para las personas pobres, pues amplían sus oportunidades de vida, especialmente para las mujeres, dado que influyen de manera directa en sus posibilidades de crecimiento y empoderamiento. Al reconocer que la desigualdad en los niveles de pobreza de las mujeres con respecto a la de los hombres es muy latente en Nicaragua, El Gobierno de Reconciliación y Unidad Nacional en el año 2007 puso en marcha el programa denominado “Usura Cero” que busca transformar la situación de las mujeres nicaragüenses en las áreas urbanas mejorando sus capacidades humanas y así lograr un verdadero empoderamiento. Para ello, se ha venido trabajando con la población de beneficiarias que integran la cartera de clientas del programa “Usura Cero”. El análisis se realiza considerando la ampliación de las capacidades de las mujeres, el impacto de los microcréditos en los ingresos de las socias y las implicaciones que tiene su actividad económica entre los miembros del hogar. Para lograr el cometido planteado, la situación de pobreza en la que vive una persona no se mirará como un problema estático, sino que se entenderá como un proceso que puede alterarse en poco tiempo, especialmente si intervienen elementos de trabajo y empleo que, en conjunto, permitan modificar el acceso a la educación, la salud y la posición social, política y económica que las mujeres enfrentan de manera desigual con respecto de los hombres (Kabeer, 2000)

Stratification of patient subgroups using high-dimensional and time-series observations

Precision medicine and patient stratification are expanding as a result of innovations in high-throughput technologies applied to clinical medicine. Stratification can explain differences in disease trajectories and outcomes in heterogeneous cohorts. Thus, approaches employed for patient treatment can be tailored by taking into account individual variabilities and specificities. This thesis focuses on clustering approaches and how they can be applied to both single time points and time-series high-dimensional data for the identification of disease subtypes defined by distinct mechanisms, also called endotypes, in complex and/or heterogeneous diseases. Multiple carefully selected clustering strategies were compared to highlight which would produce the most relevant stratification in terms of mathematical robustness and biological meaning, both of which quantified using standardised methods. More specifically, this strategy was applied to time-series multi-omics data from a cohort of patients with acute pancreatitis, an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Using this high-dimensional multi-omics data as well as routine lab and clinical measurements, the cohort was stratified into four subgroups. Findings from the analysis of acute pancreatitis data showed that two of the four subgroups could be detected in another syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, suggesting that inflammatory signatures are comparable between diseases. With the aim of applying these principles to other diseases and using preliminary results from other studies suggesting that relevant subgroups might be highlighted, data from inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson's disease cohorts was analysed. Results from our analyses confirmed that disease knowledge could be gained using this approach. Work from this thesis provides novel approaches for the application and evaluation of stratification methods. Furthermore, results may constitute a basis for the development of tailored treatment approaches for acute pancreatitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease. Also, the observation of commonalities between distinct inflammatory diseases will broaden the perspectives when analysing disease data and more specifically, in biomarker discovery and drug development processes

Current concepts in chronic traumatic anterior shoulder instability.

Chronic traumatic anterior shoulder instability can be defined as recurrent trauma-associated shoulder instability requiring the assessment of three anatomic lesions: a capsuloligamentous and/or labral lesion; anterior glenoid bone loss and a Hill-Sachs lesion. Surgical treatment is generally indicated. It remains controversial how risk factors should be evaluated to decide between a soft-tissue, free bone-block or Latarjet-type procedure. Patient risk factors for recurrence are age; hyperlaxity; competitive, contact and overhead sports. Trauma-related factors are soft tissue lesions and most importantly bone loss with implications for treatment. Different treatment options are discussed and compared for complications, return to sports parameters, short- and long-term outcomes and osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic Bankart and open Latarjet procedures have a serious learning curve. Osteoarthritis is associated with the number of previous dislocations as well as surgical techniques. Latarjet-type procedures have the lowest rate of dislocation recurrence and if performed correctly, do not seem to increase the risk of osteoarthritis

The sleep-inducing lipid oleamide deconvolutes gap junction communication and calcium wave transmission in glial cells.

Oleamide is a sleep-inducing lipid originally isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived cats. Oleamide was found to potently and selectively inactivate gap junction-mediated communication between rat glial cells. In contrast, oleamide had no effect on mechanically stimulated calcium wave transmission in this same cell type. Other chemical compounds traditionally used as inhibitors of gap junctional communication, like heptanol and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, blocked not only gap junctional communication but also intercellular calcium signaling. Given the central role for intercellular small molecule and electrical signaling in central nervous system function, oleamide- induced inactivation of glial cell gap junction channels may serve to regulate communication between brain cells, and in doing so, may influence higher order neuronal events like sleep induction

Diseño eléctrico automatizado de máquina perforadora de piezas utilizando el módulo lógico programable EASY SOFT 719 AC./RC

Presenta el diseño del sistema eléctrico automatizado de una máquina perforadora de piezas utilizando el módulo lógico programable Easy Soft 719 AC RC. Se utiliza la herramienta computacional EASY SOFT V6 para la implementación de la simulación de la máquina perforadora de piezas de madera

Wood vinegar inhibits emergence and initial growth of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala /Lam./ de Wit) seedlings

The need to investigate species used in forest exploitation and the disposal of their residues and byproducts motivated the evaluation in a greenhouse of the effect of wood vinegar (WV) on seed germination and seedling growth of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) in two substrates. The studied factors were WV concentrations in irrigation water (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6%) and substrate (sand or vermiculite). Each treatment had four repetitions of 30 seeds in plastic trays. The variables evaluated up to 27 days after sowing were: emergence percentage, emergence speed index, percentage of ungerminated seeds, total seedling length, shoot height, shoot and root dry weight. The concentrations of wood vinegar used in this study had an inhibitory effect on the germination, emergence and initial development of leucaena at all studied concentrations. A large decrease in percentage and speed of germination of leucaena was observed, mainly in the sand substrate. The more intense effect on the germination stage than in later stages of development was caused by substances contained in WV, such as acetic acid, furfural and methanol. The germination, emergence and initial growth of leucaena were less impaired when the substrate was vermiculite. For effective control of leucaena it is necessary to test higher concentrations of wood vinegar

Wood vinegar inhibits emergence and initial growth of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala /Lam./ de Wit) seedlings

The need to investigate species used in forest exploitation and the disposal of their residues and byproducts motivated the evaluation in a greenhouse of the effect of wood vinegar (WV) on seed germination and seedling growth of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) in two substrates. The studied factors were WV concentrations in irrigation water (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6%) and substrate (sand or vermiculite). Each treatment had four repetitions of 30 seeds in plastic trays. The variables evaluated up to 27 days after sowing were: emergence percentage, emergence speed index, percentage of ungerminated seeds, total seedling length, shoot height, shoot and root dry weight. The concentrations of wood vinegar used in this study had an inhibitory effect on the germination, emergence and initial development of leucaena at all studied concentrations. A large decrease in percentage and speed of germination of leucaena was observed, mainly in the sand substrate. The more intense effect on the germination stage than in later stages of development was caused by substances contained in WV, such as acetic acid, furfural and methanol. The germination, emergence and initial growth of leucaena were less impaired when the substrate was vermiculite. For effective control of leucaena it is necessary to test higher concentrations of wood vinegar

Chronische posttraumatische Schulterinstabilität

Chronic posttraumatic shoulder instability is characterized by trauma-associated, recurrent dislocations. Surgical treatment is indicated in most cases but it remains controversial how risk factors should be weighted to decide between arthroscopic Bankart repair (ABR), Latarjet or alternative procedures. Known risk factors for recurrence are patient age, hyperlaxity, sports profile and bone loss. Surgical techniques are discussed in detail. The ABR leads to high patient satisfaction and return to sports; however, in association with risk factors, recurrent dislocations are seen even several years later. Latarjet or bone block procedures lead to high patient satisfaction, sustainable stability as a revision procedure, but can also be primarily indicated for chronic instability depending on risk factors. Early complications are more frequent but of a minor nature in most cases. All techniques are known for a serious learning curve. If performed well, they do not seem to increase the risk of arthritis, which is most affected by the number of lifetime dislocations and higher energy trauma

Offene Latarjet-Patte-Operation nach Walch : Tipps, Tricks und Komplikationsvermeidung

Walch hat die Latarjet-Patte-Operation in offener Technik unter Anwendung eines Subskapularis-Splits in den 1980er-Jahren modifiziert, standardisiert und über Jahrzehnte mit großem Erfolg bei über 3500 Patienten angewandt. In Langzeitnachuntersuchungen wurden Rezidivraten von 1–5 % bei hoher Patientenzufriedenheit im Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV > 90 %) dokumentiert [1, 2]. Diese Ergebnisse konnten in Zürich durch Gerber reproduziert werden [3]. Die Methode hat in mehreren Langzeitstudien den Beweis des Erreichens dauerhafter Stabilität (Langzeitstabilität nach mehr als 6 bis 10 Jahren) bei Risikopatienten erbracht [2, 3], besonders für Wettkampfsportler [4,5,6], junge Patienten [7, 8] und Patienten mit glenoidalem Knochenverlust [1, 9]. Bei korrekter Operationstechnik entsteht kein klinisch relevanter Beweglichkeitsverlust, und es besteht kein Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung oder Progression einer Instabilitätsarthrose [10]. In einer randomisierten kontrollierten Studie (RCT) zeigte sich eine signifikant niedrigere Reluxationsrate für die Latarjet-Stabilisierung bei jungen Männern unter 25 Jahren im Vergleich zur arthroskopischen Bankart-Operation [8]