Topics in Animation

Topics in Animation syllabus. In this class we learn about and create different types of Non-fiction animation

2D Animation Principles

Syllabus for 2D Animation Principles Clas

Interventions targeting healthcare providers to optimise use of caesarean section: a qualitative comparative analysis to identify important intervention features

BACKGROUND: Rapid increases in caesarean section (CS) rates have been observed globally; however, CS rates exceeding 15% at a population-level have limited benefits for women and babies. Many interventions targeting healthcare providers have been developed to optimise use of CS, typically aiming to improve and monitor clinical decision-making. However, interventions are often complex, and effectiveness is varied. Understanding intervention and implementation features that likely lead to optimised CS use is important to optimise benefits. The aim of this study was to identify important components that lead to successful interventions to optimise CS, focusing on interventions targeting healthcare providers.  METHODS: We used Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to identify if certain combination of important intervention features (e.g. type of intervention, contextual characteristics, and how the intervention was delivered) are associated with a successful intervention as reflected in a reduction of CS. We included 21 intervention studies targeting healthcare providers to reduce CS, comprising of 34 papers reporting on these interventions. To develop potential theories driving intervention success, we used existing published qualitative evidence syntheses on healthcare providers' perspectives and experiences of interventions targeted at them to reduce CS. RESULTS: We identified five important components that trigger successful interventions targeting healthcare providers: 1) training to improve providers' knowledge and skills, 2) active dissemination of CS indications, 3) actionable recommendations, 4) multidisciplinary collaboration, and 5) providers' willingness to change. Importantly, when one or more of these components are absent, dictated nature of intervention, where providers are enforced to adhere to the intervention, is needed to prompt successful interventions. Unsuccessful interventions were characterised by the absence of these components. CONCLUSION: We identified five important intervention components and combinations of intervention components which can lead to successful interventions targeting healthcare providers to optimise CS use. Health facility managers, researchers, and policy-makers aiming to improve providers' clinical decision making and reduce CS may consider including the identified components to optimise benefits

Educational interventions targeting pregnant women to optimise the use of caesarean section: What are the essential elements? A qualitative comparative analysis

BACKGROUND: Caesarean section (CS) rates are increasing globally, posing risks to women and babies. To reduce CS, educational interventions targeting pregnant women have been implemented globally, however, their effectiveness is varied. To optimise benefits of these interventions, it is important to understand which intervention components influence success. In this study, we aimed to identify essential intervention components that lead to successful implementation of interventions focusing on pregnant women to optimise CS use. METHODS: We re-analysed existing systematic reviews that were used to develop and update WHO guidelines on non-clinical interventions to optimise CS. To identify if certain combinations of intervention components (e.g., how the intervention was delivered, and contextual characteristics) are associated with successful implementation, we conducted a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). We defined successful interventions as interventions that were able to reduce CS rates. We included 36 papers, comprising 17 CS intervention studies and an additional 19 sibling studies (e.g., secondary analyses, process evaluations) reporting on these interventions to identify intervention components. We conducted QCA in six stages: 1) Identifying conditions and calibrating the data; 2) Constructing truth tables, 3) Checking quality of truth tables; 4) Identifying parsimonious configurations through Boolean minimization; 5) Checking quality of the solution; 6) Interpretation of solutions. We used existing published qualitative evidence synthesis to develop potential theories driving intervention success. RESULTS: We found successful interventions were those that leveraged social or peer support through group-based intervention delivery, provided communication materials to women, encouraged emotional support by partner or family participation, and gave women opportunities to interact with health providers. Unsuccessful interventions were characterised by the absence of at least two of these components. CONCLUSION: We identified four key essential intervention components which can lead to successful interventions targeting women to reduce CS. These four components are 1) group-based delivery, 2) provision of IEC materials, 3) partner or family member involvement, and 4) opportunity for women to interact with health providers. Maternal health services and hospitals aiming to better prepare women for vaginal birth and reduce CS can consider including the identified components to optimise health and well-being benefits for the woman and baby

Do women prefer caesarean sections? A qualitative evidence synthesis of their views and experiences

Background: Caesarean sections (CS) continue to increase worldwide. Multiple and complex factors are contributing to the increase, including non-clinical factors related to individual women, families and their interactions with health providers. This global qualitative evidence synthesis explores women’s preferences for mode of birth and factors underlying preferences for CS. Methods: Systematic database searches (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO) were conducted in December 2016 and updated in May 2019 and February 2021. Studies conducted across all resource settings were eligible for inclusion, except those from China and Taiwan which have been reported in a companion publication. Phenomena of interest were opinions, views and perspectives of women regarding preferences for mode of birth, attributes of CS, societal and cultural beliefs about modes of birth, and right to choose mode of birth. Thematic synthesis of data was conducted. Confidence in findings was assessed using GRADE-CERQual. Results: We included 52 studies, from 28 countries, encompassing the views and perspectives of pregnant women, non-pregnant women, women with previous CS, postpartum women, and women’s partners. Most of the studies were conducted in high-income countries and published between 2011 and 2021. Factors underlying women preferences for CS had to do mainly with strong fear of pain and injuries to the mother and child during labour or birth (High confidence), uncertainty regarding vaginal birth (High confidence), and positive views or perceived advantages of CS (High confidence). Women who preferred CS expressed resoluteness about it, but there were also many women who had a clear preference for vaginal birth and those who even developed strategies to keep their birth plans in environments that were not supportive of vaginal births (High confidence). The findings also identified that social, cultural and personal factors as well as attributes related to health systems impact on the reasons underlying women preferences for various modes of birth (High confidence). Conclusions: A wide variety of factors underlie women’s preferences for CS in the absence of medical indications. Major factors contributing to perceptions of CS as preferable include fear of pain, uncertainty with vaginal birth and positive views on CS. Interventions need to address these factors to reduce unnecessary CS

Prevalence of and reasons for women’s, family members’, and health professionals’ preferences for cesarean section in Iran: a mixed-methods systematic review

Abstract: Background: Cesarean section (CS) rates have been increasing globally. Iran has one of the highest CS rates in the world (47.9%). This review was conducted to assess the prevalence of and reasons for women’s, family members’, and health professionals’ preferences for CS in Iran. Methods and findings: In this mixed-methods systematic review, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, POPLINE, PsycINFO, Global Health Library, Google scholar; as well as Iranian scientific databases including SID, and Magiran from 1 January 1990 to 8th October 2019. Primary quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that had been conducted in Iran with Persian or English languages were included. Meta-analysis of quantitative studies was conducted by extracting data from 65 cross-sectional, longitudinal, and baseline measurements of interventional studies. For meta-synthesis, we used 26 qualitative studies with designs such as ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and grounded theory. The Review Manager Version 5.3 and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software were used for meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Results showed that 5.46% of nulliparous women (95% CI 5.38–5.50%; χ2 = 1117.39; df = 28 [p < 0.00001]; I2 = 97%) preferred a CS mode of delivery. Results of subgroup analysis based on the time of pregnancy showed that proportions of preference for CS reported by women were 5.94% (95% CI 5.86–5.99%) in early and middle pregnancy, and 3.81% (95% CI 3.74–3.83%), in late pregnancy. The heterogeneity was high in this review. Most women were pregnant, regardless of their parity; the risk level of participants were unknown, and some Persian publications were appraised as low in quality. A combined inductive and deductive approach was used to synthesis the qualitative data, and CERQual was used to assess confidence in the findings. Meta-synthesis generated 10 emerging themes and three final themes: ‘Women’s factors’, ‘Health professional factors’, andex ‘Health organization, facility, or system factors’. Conclusion: Despite low preference for CS among women, CS rates are still so high. This implies the role of factors beyond the individual will. We identified a multiple individual, health facility, and health system factors which affected the preference for CS in Iran. Numerous attempts were made in recent years to design, test and implement interventions to decrease unnecessary CS in Iran, such as mother-friendly hospitals, standard protocols for labor and birth, preparation classes for women, midwives, and gynaecologists, and workshops for specialists and midwives through the “health sector evolution policy”. Although these programs were effective, high rates of CS persist and more efforts are needed to optimize the use of CS

Here Comes Grosz

Program for the eighth annual RISD Cabaret held in Cellar at the top of the Waterman Building. Publicity, posters, cartoons and program designed by Yoon Cho, Yu-Kyung Chung,Arther Jones, Scott King, Richard Lloyd and Polly Spencer.https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/liberalarts_cabaret_programs/1007/thumbnail.jp

New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk.

Levels of circulating glucose are tightly regulated. To identify new loci influencing glycemic traits, we performed meta-analyses of 21 genome-wide association studies informative for fasting glucose, fasting insulin and indices of beta-cell function (HOMA-B) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in up to 46,186 nondiabetic participants. Follow-up of 25 loci in up to 76,558 additional subjects identified 16 loci associated with fasting glucose and HOMA-B and two loci associated with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. These include nine loci newly associated with fasting glucose (in or near ADCY5, MADD, ADRA2A, CRY2, FADS1, GLIS3, SLC2A2, PROX1 and C2CD4B) and one influencing fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (near IGF1). We also demonstrated association of ADCY5, PROX1, GCK, GCKR and DGKB-TMEM195 with type 2 diabetes. Within these loci, likely biological candidate genes influence signal transduction, cell proliferation, development, glucose-sensing and circadian regulation. Our results demonstrate that genetic studies of glycemic traits can identify type 2 diabetes risk loci, as well as loci containing gene variants that are associated with a modest elevation in glucose levels but are not associated with overt diabetes

Caries OUT Córdoba: Manejo de caries en niños con CariesCare International

Fil: Carletto Körber, Fabiana Pia Marina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Cátedra de Odontopediatria A. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina.Fil: Oña, Jennifer Ann. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Integral Niños y Adolescentes; Argentina.Fil: Vázquez, Fernando Rafael. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Integral Niños y Adolescentes; Argentina.Fil: Martin, Anabella. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Integral Niños y Adolescentes; Argentina.Fil: Beltrán Zúñiga, Edgar Orlando. Universidad El Bosque; Colombia.Fil: Cortés Páez, Andrea del Pilar . Universidad El Bosque; Colombia.Fil: Douglas, Gail. University of Leeds. Dental Public Health. Leeds Dental Institute; United Kindom.Fil: Newton, Tim. King’s College London. Dental Innovation and Impact. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences; United Kindom.Fil: Pitts, Nigel. King’s College London. Dental Innovation and Impact. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences; United Kindom.Fil: Deery, Chris. University of Sheffield. School of Clinical Dentistry; United Kindom.Fil: Martignon, Stefania. University of Sheffield. School of Clinical Dentistry; United Kindom.OBJETIVOEvaluar el manejo de caries mediante el abordaje CariesCare International (CCI), en niños de 3 a 8 años de Córdoba, como parte del ensayo multicéntrico intervencional del grupo Caries OUT, adaptado para la pandemia.MÉTODOS Participaron 24 niños de ambos sexos (edad promedio: 6,32 años), de instituciones pública y privada, bajo consentimiento y asentimiento informados y aprobación ética (FO-UNC-4275/2021). En línea base (T0), se aplicó la historia clínica incluyendo las cuatro dimensiones (D) de CCI; D1: determinación del riesgo de caries, incluyendo prácticas de dieta y de cepillado dental; D2: detección de lesiones de caries según severidad y actividad (ICDAS-combinado); D3: decisión y plan de atención a nivel de individuo y de superficies dentales; D4: desarrollo de manejo de caries en ambos niveles. Se reevaluó a 3, 8.5 y 12 meses (T1), (T2) y (T3) respectivamente. En T3 además se aplicó a padres un cuestionario sobre aceptación del abordaje. Se aplicó chi2 de Fisher (&#967;2), significación estadística p<0.05.RESULTADOSEn T0 la mayoría de individuos se clasificó en riesgo alto 91,7%; n=22, disminuyendo significativamente en T3 a 33,3%; n=8 (&#967;2: p=6E-05). Se observó una disminución en la proporción de individuos con consumo diario mayor a 50 g de azúcares, en T0: 95,8%; n=23 a T3: 83,3%; n=20, así como individuos con mala higiene oral evidenciada con acúmulo de placa madura de T0: 41,7%; n=10 a T3: 33,3%; n=8, en ambos casos no resultó estadísticamente significativa (&#967;2: p=0,35 y p=0,77 respectivamente). La mayoría de los niños presentó lesiones de caries activas en T0: 83,3%; n=20, disminuyendo significativamente en T3 a 8,3%; n=2 (&#967;2: p=2E-07). Los padres mostraron alta aceptación de CCI (83,3%; n=20), reportando que actualmente cuentan con más información sobre el cuidado de la salud bucal.CONCLUSIÓNCon el abordaje CCI se logró disminuir el riesgo de caries, mejorar prácticas de dieta e higiene oral y disminuir lesiones de caries activas en niños.Fil: Carletto Körber, Fabiana Pia Marina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Cátedra de Odontopediatria A. Facultad de Odontología; Argentina.Fil: Oña, Jennifer Ann. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Integral Niños y Adolescentes; Argentina.Fil: Vázquez, Fernando Rafael. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Integral Niños y Adolescentes; Argentina.Fil: Martin, Anabella. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Integral Niños y Adolescentes; Argentina.Fil: Beltrán Zúñiga, Edgar Orlando. Universidad El Bosque; Colombia.Fil: Cortés Páez, Andrea del Pilar . Universidad El Bosque; Colombia.Fil: Douglas, Gail. University of Leeds. Dental Public Health. Leeds Dental Institute; United Kindom.Fil: Newton, Tim. King’s College London. Dental Innovation and Impact. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences; United Kindom.Fil: Pitts, Nigel. King’s College London. Dental Innovation and Impact. Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences; United Kindom.Fil: Deery, Chris. University of Sheffield. School of Clinical Dentistry; United Kindom.Fil: Martignon, Stefania. University of Sheffield. School of Clinical Dentistry; United Kindom.Otras Ciencias de la Salu