High Temperature and Crab Density Reduce Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation in Red Sea Mangrove Sediments

Mangrove ecosystems are highly productive and provide important ecosystem services. However, in the Red Sea mangroves are under severe nutrient-limiting conditions, reflected in dwarf plants. The nutrient limitation is especially acute for iron, as verified experimentally, although the low carbon-to-nutrient stoichiometric ratios reported for Red Sea mangrove leaves are indicative of general nutrient depletion. Therefore, atmospheric nitrogen (N2) fixation in mangrove sediments might be particularly important considering the minimal nitrogen inputs from land. Here, we tested the effect of temperature and crab density on sediment N2 fixation rates in mature and juvenile mangrove (Avicennia marina) stands in the central Red Sea. The average N2 fixation rates (from 0.002 ± 0.002 to 0.46 ± 0.12 mg N m–2 d–1) fall in the low range of N2 fixation rates reported in mangroves elsewhere, which is in agreement with the small size of the mangrove plants. Mature mangrove sediments hold higher N2 fixation rates than the juvenile mangrove sediment, related to a higher sediment organic matter and carbon content. We found a detrimental effect of temperature and crab density on sediment N2 fixation rates. Maximum N2 fixation rates were detected at 28°C with a sharp decrease at 35°C. Similarly, high crab-density reduced N2 fixation, likely due to the sediment oxygenation or the grazing of cyanobacteria by crabs. This is supported by i) previously reported higher oxygen concentration and redox around burrows compared to undisturbed sediment and ii) lighter sediment carbon isotopic composition in high crab-density than in low crab-density sediments, indicating a higher contribution of microphytobenthos in the mature sediments supporting low crab-density. Our data document temperature and crab density as factors affecting N2 fixation in the Red Sea mangrove sediments

High denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation contributes to net nitrogen loss in a seagrass ecosystem in the central Red Sea

Nitrogen loads in coastal areas have increased dramatically, with detrimental consequences for coastal ecosystems. Shallow sediments and seagrass meadows are hotspots for denitrification, favoring N loss. However, atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) fixation has been reported to support seagrass growth. Therefore, the role of coastal marine systems dominated by seagrasses in the net N2 flux remains unclear. Here, we measured denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and N2 fixation in a tropical seagrass (Enhalus acoroides) meadow and the adjacent bare sediment in a coastal lagoon in the central Red Sea. We detected high annual mean rates of denitrification (34.9 ± 10.3 and 31.6±8.9 mg N m−2 d−1) and anammox (12.4±3.4 and 19.8 ± 4.4 mg N m−2 d−1) in vegetated and bare sediments. The annual mean N loss was higher (between 8 and 63- fold) than the N2 fixed (annual mean = 5.9 ± 0.2 and 0.8 ± 0.3 mg N m−2 d−1) in the meadow and bare sediment, leading to a net flux of N2 from sediments to the atmosphere. Despite the importance of this coastal lagoon in removing N from the system, N2 fixation can contribute substantially to seagrass growth since N2 fixation rates found here could contribute up to 36 % of plant N requirements. In vegetated sediments, anammox rates decreased with increasing organic matter (OM) content, while N2 fixation increased with OMcontent. Denitrification and anammox increased linearly with temperature, while N2 fixation showed a maximum at intermediate temperatures. Therefore, the forecasted warming could further increase the N2 flux from sediments to the atmosphere, potentially impacting seagrass productivity and their capacity to mitigate climate change but also enhancing their potential N removal

Bioturbation Intensity Modifies the Sediment Microbiome and Biochemistry and Supports Plant Growth in an Arid Mangrove System

In intertidal systems, the type and role of interactions among sediment microorganisms, animals, plants and abiotic factors are complex and not well understood. Such interactions are known to promote nutrient provision and cycling, and their dynamics and relationships may be of particular importance in arid microtidal systems characterized by minimal nutrient input. Focusing on an arid mangrove ecosystem on the central Red Sea coast, we investigated the effect of crab bioturbation intensity (comparing natural and manipulated high levels of bioturbation intensity) on biogeochemistry and bacterial communities of mangrove sediments, and on growth performance of Avicennia marina, over a period of 16 months. Along with pronounced seasonal patterns with harsh summer conditions, in which high sediment salinity, sulfate and temperature, and absence of tidal flooding occur, sediment bacterial diversity and composition, sediment physicochemical conditions, and plant performance were significantly affected by crab bioturbation intensity. For instance, bioturbation intensity influenced components of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphate cycling, bacterial relative abundance (i.e., Bacteroidia, Proteobacteria and Rhodothermi) and their predicted functionality (i.e., chemoheterotrophy), likely resulting from enhanced metabolic activity of aerobic bacteria. The complex interactions among bacteria, animals, and sediment chemistry in this arid mangrove positively impact plant growth. We show that a comprehensive approach targeting multiple biological levels provides useful information on the ecological status of mangrove forests.IMPORTANCE Bioturbation is one of the most important processes that governs sediment biocenosis in intertidal systems. By facilitating oxygen penetration into anoxic layers, bioturbation alters the overall sediment biogeochemistry. Here, we investigate how high crab bioturbation intensity modifies the mangrove sediment bacterial community, which is the second largest component of mangrove sediment biomass and plays a significant role in major biogeochemical processes. We show that the increase in crab bioturbation intensity, by ameliorating the anoxic condition of mangrove sediment and promoting sediment bacterial diversity in favor of a beneficial bacterial microbiome, improves mangrove tree growth in arid environments. These findings have significant implications because they show how crabs, by farming the mangrove sediment, can enhance the overall capacity of the system to sustain mangrove growth, fighting climate change

Horizon scanning the application of probiotics for wildlife

The provision of probiotics benefits the health of a wide range of organisms, from humans to animals and plants. Probiotics can enhance stress resilience of endangered organisms, many of which are critically threatened by anthropogenic impacts. The use of so-called ‘probiotics for wildlife’ is a nascent application, and the field needs to reflect on standards for its development, testing, validation, risk assessment, and deployment. Here, we identify the main challenges of this emerging intervention and provide a roadmap to validate the effectiveness of wildlife probiotics. We cover the essential use of inert negative controls in trials and the investigation of the probiotic mechanisms of action. We also suggest alternative microbial therapies that could be tested in parallel with the probiotic application. Our recommendations align approaches used for humans, aquaculture, and plants to the emerging concept and use of probiotics for wildlife

Diversity and functions of microbial communities in seagrasses

Peer Reviewe

Diversity and functions of microbial communities in seagrasses

[spa] El estudio de las comunidades microbianas asociadas a angiospermas marinas ha permitido la identificación de los principales grupos implicados en el mantenimineto de estos ecosistemas. El patógeno Labyrinthula sp. se ha dectectado ubicuamente en el Mediterraneo con cepas virulentas causando lesiones en Posidonia oceanica, sugiriendo ser una causa de regresión. La ausencia de partículas víricas en tejidos de P. oceanica indica que no están amenazadas por enfermedades víricas. La caracterización de la comunidad bacteriana endófita confirma una comunidad específica en raíces e identifica algunas bacterias con importantes implicaciones para el mantenimiento de las praderas. Por primera vez, se detecta la presencia de endófitos diazotróficos en raíces de P. oceanica. La recopilación de las bacterias identificadas asociadas a angiospermas marinas, confirma la prevalencia de sulfato-reductores en las rizosferas. El desarrollo de una nueva técnica basada en el análisis de la actividad meristemática, confirma el efecto negativo de estas bacterias por modificaciones en la geoquímica del sedimento.[cat] L’estudi de les comunitats microbianes associades a angiospermes marines ha permés la identificació dels principals grups implicats en el manteniment d’aquests ecosistemes. El patogen Labyrinthula sp. és present al Mediterrani i algunes soques són virulentes ja que causen lesions en Posidonia oceanica, fet que suggereix una possible causa de deteriorament de les praderies. L’absència de partícules víriques als teixits de P. oceanica indica que no estan amenaçades per malalties virals. La caracterització de la comunitat bacteriana endòfita confirma una comunitat específica a les arrels i identifica alguns bacteris amb importants implicacions per al manteniment de les praderies. Per primera vegada, es confirma la presència d’endòfits diazotròfics a arrels de P. oceanica. La recopilació dels bacteris identificats associats a angiospermes marines, confirma la prevalença de bacteris sulfatreductors a les rizosferes. El desenvolupament d’una nova tècnica basada en l’anàlisi de l’activitat meristemàtica, confirma l’efecte negatiu d’aquests bacteris per les modificacions de les condicions geoquímiques dels sediments.[eng] The study of the microbial communities in seagrasses allowed the identification of the main groups involved in the maintenance of seagrass meadows. The pathogen Labyrinthula sp. was detected ubiquitously in Mediterranean seagrasses. Some strains were virulent causing lesions on Posidonia oceanica, indicating a possible cause of decline for Mediterranean seagrasses. The absence of viral particles in seagrass tissues, suggested Mediterranean meadows are not threatened by viruses. The characterization of the endophytic bacterial community confirmed a community specific of roots and identified some bacteria with important implications for the maintenance of seagrasses. For the first time, the presence of diazotrophic endophytes in P. oceanica roots was confirmed. Moreover, the compilation of the identified bacteria in seagrasses, confirmed the prevalence of sulfate reducers in seagrass rhizospheres. The development of a new technique based on meristematic activity analysis, confirmed the detrimental effect associated to this bacterial group by modifying the sediment geochemistry

Warming enhances carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from Red Sea seagrass (Halophila stipulacea) sediments

Seagrass meadows are autotrophic ecosystems acting as carbon sinks, but they have also been shown to be sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Seagrasses can be negatively affected by increasing seawater temperatures, but the effects of warming on CO2 and CH4 fluxes in seagrass meadows have not yet been reported. Here, we examine the effect of two disturbances on air–seawater fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in Red Sea Halophila stipulacea communities compared to adjacent unvegetated sediments using cavity ring-down spectroscopy. We first characterized CO2 and CH4 fluxes in vegetated and adjacent unvegetated sediments, and then experimentally examined their response, along with that of the carbon (C) isotopic signature of CO2 and CH4, to gradual warming from 25 ∘C (winter seawater temperature) to 37 ∘C, 2 ∘C above current maximum temperature. In addition, we assessed the response to prolonged darkness, thereby providing insights into the possible role of suppressing plant photosynthesis in supporting CO2 and CH4 fluxes. We detected 6-fold-higher CO2 fluxes in vegetated compared to bare sediments, as well as 10- to 100-fold-higher CH4 fluxes. Warming led to an increase in net CO2 and CH4 fluxes, reaching average fluxes of 10 422.18 ± 2570.12 µmol CO2 m−2 d−1 and 88.11±15.19 µmol CH4 m−2 d−1, while CO2 and CH4 fluxes decreased over time in sediments maintained at 25 ∘C. Prolonged darkness led to an increase in CO2 fluxes but a decrease in CH4 fluxes in vegetated sediments. These results add to previous research identifying Red Sea seagrass meadows as a significant source of CH4, while also indicating that sublethal warming may lead to increased emissions of greenhouse gases from seagrass meadows, providing a feedback mechanism that may contribute to further enhancing global warming.This research has been supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology through baseline and CARF funding (grant nos. FCC/1/1973-32-01 and BAS/1/1071-01-01)

Methane Production by Seagrass Ecosystems in the Red Sea

Atmospheric methane (CH4) is the second strongest greenhouse gas and it is emitted to the atmosphere naturally by different sources. It is crucial to define the dimension of these natural emissions in order to forecast changes in atmospheric CH4 mixing ratio in future scenarios. However, CH4 emissions by seagrass ecosystems in shallow marine coastal systems have been neglected although their global extension. Here we quantify the CH4 production rates of seagrass ecosystems in the Red Sea. We measured changes in CH4 concentration and its isotopic signature by cavity ring-down spectroscopy on chambers containing sediment and plants. We detected CH4 production in all the seagrass stations with an average rate of 85.09 ± 27.80 μmol CH4 m−2 d−1. Our results show that there is no seasonal or daily pattern in the CH4 production rates by seagrass ecosystems in the Red Sea. Taking in account the range of global estimates for seagrass coverage and the average seagrass CH4 production, the global CH4 production and emission by seagrass ecosystems could range from 0.09 to 2.7 Tg yr−1. Because CH4 emission by seagrass ecosystems had not been included in previous global CH4 budgets, our estimate would increase the contribution of marine global emissions, hitherto estimated at 9.1 Tg yr−1, by about 30%. Thus, the potential contribution of seagrass ecosystems to marine CH4 emissions provides sufficient evidence of the relevance of these fluxes as to include seagrass ecosystems in future assessments of the global CH4 budgets