Une bibliothèque alsacienne disparue en Allemagne en 1940 : Une quête en cours

Ce colloque s’est tenu les jeudi et vendredi 23 et 24 mars 2017, à la Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations et à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, Il a été organisé par le Centre Gabriel Naudé de l\u27Ecole nationale supérieure des sciences de l\u27information et des bibliothèques (ENSSIB), l\u27Institut d\u27histoire du temps présent (IHTP, UMR CNRS Paris 8) et l\u27Université Paris Diderot (EA Identités, cultures, territoires), avec le soutien de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, de la Bibliothèque universitaire des langues et civilisations (BULAC), de la Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, de la Claims Foundation, de la Fondation Maison des Sciences de l\u27Homme et du Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst. Au cours de ce colloque, une douzaine de livres, datant du XVIIe siècle et retrouvés dans ses collections par la Bibliothèque centrale et régionale de Berlin (Zentral -und Landesbibliothek) ont été restitués à trois ministères français (ministère des Affaires étrangères, ministère de l\u27Intérieur, ministère de la Justice) auxquels ils avaient été spoliées en juin 1940. Un registre manuscrit d\u27état civil des années 1751-1771, spolié à la commune de Verpel (Ardennes) lui sera également restitué. Associé à ce colloque en ligne, les Presses de l’Enssib proposent Où sont les bibliothèques françaises spoliées par les nazis ? ouvrage coordonné par Martine Poulain qui a rassemblé les contributions, enrichies, concernant particulièrement l’histoire d’environ 14 000 livres spoliés et déposés dans une quarantaine de bibliothèques françaises entre 1950 et 1953, et leurs caractéristiques. https://presses.enssib.fr/catalogue/ou-sont-les-bibliotheques-francaises-spoliees-par-les-nazi

Skin temperature and reproductive condition in wild female chimpanzees

The research was supported by a Fyssen fellowship awarded to Guillaume Dezecache, and has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement (No 283871)Infrared thermal imaging has emerged as a valuable tool in veterinary medicine, in particular for evaluating reproductive processes. Here, we explored differences in skin temperature of twenty female chimpanzees in Budongo Forest, Uganda, four of which were pregnant during data collection. Based on previous literature in other mammals, we predicted increased skin temperature of maximally swollen reproductive organs of nonpregnant females when approaching peak fertility. For pregnant females, we made the same prediction because it has been argued that female chimpanzees have evolved mechanisms to conceal pregnancy, including swellings of the reproductive organs, conspicuous copulation calling, and solicitation of male mating behaviour, to decrease the infanticidal tendencies of resident males by confusing paternity. For non-pregnant females, we found slight temperature increases towards the end of the swelling cycles but no significant change between the fertile and non-fertile phases. Despite their different reproductive state, pregnant females had very similar skin temperature patterns compared to non-pregnant females, suggesting little potential for males to use skin temperature to recognise pregnancies, especially during maximal swelling, when ovulation is most likely to occur in non-pregnant females. We discuss this pattern in light of the concealment hypothesis, i.e., that female chimpanzees have evolved physiological means to conceal their reproductive state during pregnancyPublisher PDFPeer reviewe

Preclinical Deposition of Pathological Prion Protein in Muscle of Experimentally Infected Primates

Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and animals. A central step in disease progression is the accumulation of a misfolded form (PrPSc) of the host encoded prion protein (PrPC) in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The involvement of peripheral tissues in preclinical states increases the risk of accidental transmission. On the other hand, detection of PrPSc in non-neuronal easy-accessible compartments such as muscle may offer a novel diagnostic tool. Primate models have proven invaluable to investigate prion diseases. We have studied the deposition of PrPSc in muscle and central nervous system of rhesus monkeys challenged with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), variant CJD (vCJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in preclinical and clinical stage using biochemical and morphological methods. Here, we show the preclinical presence of PrPSc in muscle and central nervous system of rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with vCJD

Investigating odonates' response to climate change in Great Britain: a tale of two strategies

Aim Species are largely thought to maintain broadly static niches over time, an assumption underpinning much theoretical ecology including the implementation of ecological models to project species' current and future distributions. Here, we assess niche conservatism in odonates in Great Britain over the past six decades by simultaneously quantifying changes in species geographic distribution and evaluating temporal trends in species realised climatic niche.LocationGreat Britain. Methods Distributional changes were assessed by calculating changes in species distribution centres and deriving occupancy trends. Changes in climatic niches were assessed using a principal component analysis to quantify niche overlap, using information on both climate averages and extremes. Results We show that dragonflies and damselflies displayed distinct responses to changing climatic conditions. Dragonflies shifting to higher latitudes maintained, on average, greater consistency in their climatic niches, providing evidence for climate tracking. Greater climate niche flexibility and increased occupancy over time, on the other hand, were more common in damselflies. Main Conclusions We unveil evidence for climatic niche divergence in damselflies on a national scale, casting doubt on the relevance of species distribution models for predicting the impacts of climate change on this, and potentially other, groups of species. More broadly, our results call for more multi‐species temporal comparisons of spatial distributions and climate niches during recent periods of changes in climatic conditions to improve our ability to contrast species' vulnerability risk to the ongoing climate crisis

So close, yet so far : discrepancies between uveal and other melanomas. A Position Paper from UM Cure 2020

Despite much progress in our understanding of uveal melanoma (UM) over the past decades, this rare tumour is still often misclassified. Although UM, like other melanomas, is very probably derived from melanocytes, it is drastically different from cutaneous melanoma and most other melanoma subtypes in terms of epidemiology, aetiology, biology and clinical features, including an intriguing metastatic hepatotropism. UM carries distinctive prognostic chromosome alterations, somatic mutations and gene expression profiles, allowing an active tailored surveillance strategy and dedicated adjuvant clinical trials. There is no standard systemic treatment for disseminated UM at present. In contrast to cutaneous melanoma, UMs are not BRAF-mutated, thus curtailing the use of B-Raf inhibitors. Although these tumours are characterised by some immune infiltrates, immune checkpoint inhibitors are rarely effective, possibly due to a low mutation burden. UM patients across the world not only face rare cancer-related issues (e.g., specific management strategies, access to information and to expert centres), but also specific UM problems, which can be exacerbated by the common misconception that it is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma. As a European Consortium dedicated to research on UM and awareness on the disease, “UM Cure 2020” participants urge medical oncologists, pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory agencies to acknowledge UM as a melanoma with specific issues, in order to accelerate the development of new therapies for patients

DAXX promotes centromeric stability independently of ATRX by preventing the accumulation of R-loop-induced DNA double-stranded breaks

Maintaining chromatin integrity at the repetitive non-coding DNA sequences underlying centromeres is crucial to prevent replicative stress, DNA breaks and genomic instability. The concerted action of transcriptional repressors, chromatin remodelling complexes and epigenetic factors controls transcription and chromatin structure in these regions. The histone chaperone complex ATRX/DAXX is involved in the establishment and maintenance of centromeric chromatin through the deposition of the histone variant H3.3. ATRX and DAXX have also evolved mutually-independent functions in transcription and chromatin dynamics. Here, using paediatric glioma and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines, we identify a novel ATRX-independent function for DAXX in promoting genome stability by preventing transcription-associated R-loop accumulation and DNA double-strand break formation at centromeres. This function of DAXX required its interaction with histone H3.3 but was independent of H3.3 deposition and did not reflect a role in the repression of centromeric transcription. DAXX depletion mobilized BRCA1 at centromeres, in line with BRCA1 role in counteracting centromeric R-loop accumulation. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms protecting the human genome from chromosomal instability, as well as potential perspectives in the treatment of cancers with DAXX alterations

Immunodominance and functional alterations of tumor-associated antigen-specific CD8+T-cell responses in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. To aid the development of novel immunological interventions, we studied the breadth, frequency, and tumor-infiltration of naturally occurring CD8+ T-cell responses targeting several tumor-associated antigens (TAA). We used overlapping peptides spanning the entire alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican-3 (GPC-3), melanoma-associated gene-A1 (MAGE-A1) and New York-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1) proteins and major-histocompatibility-complex-class-I-tetramers specific for epitopes of MAGE-A1 and NY-ESO-1 to analyze TAA-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in a large cohort of HCC patients. After nonspecific expansion in vitro, we detected interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD8+ T cells specific for all four TAA in the periphery as well as in liver and tumor tissue. These CD8+ T-cell responses displayed clear immunodominance patterns within each TAA, but no consistent hierarchy was observed between different TAA. Importantly, the response breadth was highest in early-stage HCC and associated with patient survival. After antigen-specific expansion, TAA-specific CD8+ T cells were detectable by tetramer staining but impaired in their ability to produce IFN-γ. Furthermore, regulatory T cells (Treg) were increased in HCC lesions. Depletion of Treg from cultures improved TAA-specific CD8+ T-cell proliferation but did not restore IFN-γ-production. Conclusion: Naturally occurring TAA-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are present in patients with HCC and therefore constitute part of the normal T-cell repertoire. Moreover, the presence of these responses correlates with patient survival. However, the observation of impaired IFN-γ production suggests that the efficacy of such responses is functionally limited. These findings support the development of strategies that aim to enhance the total TAA-specific CD8+ T-cell response by therapeutic boosting and/or specificity diversification. However, further research will be required to help unlock the full potential of TAA-specific CD8+ T-cell responses

Zukünftige maritime Treibstoffe und deren mögliche Importkonzepte

Weltweit werden etwa 90 % des internationalen Güterverkehrs per Schiff abgewickelt. Die meisten Schiffe nutzen dabei Schweröl und sind für ungefähr 3 % des weltweiten Anteils an den CO2-Emissionen verantwortlich. Die Dekarbonisierung des Schiffverkehrs spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verwirklichung einer klimaneutralen Transportwirtschaft. Daher hat sich die International Maritime Organisation (Internationale Seeschifffahrtsorganisation, IMO) das Ziel gesetzt, die Treibhausgasemissionen bis 2050 im Vergleich zu 2008 zu halbieren und gleichzeitig die CO2-Emissionen pro Tonnenmeile bis 2050 um 70 % zu senken. Um diese Ziele zu erfüllen besteht ein Bedarf an erneuerbaren Kraftstoffen, um die Umwelt- und Klimaauswirkungen der Schifffahrt kurz- und langfristig zu verringern. In dieser Kurzstudie werden alternative Kraftstoffe für die Zukunft des maritimen Sektors wie zum Beispiel Wasserstoff, Ammoniak, Methanol und flüssige organische Wasserstoffträger (LOHC) unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Produktion sowie Lagerung und Transports dargestellt. Zu Beginn der vorliegenden Kurzstudie werden Wasserstofftechnologien und Herstellungs-verfahren synthetischer Kraft- und Brennstoffe erläutert, die an Standorten mit viel Potenzial für die Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien eingesetzt werden. Es wird ein Überblick über die Speicherung, den internationalen Transport, sowie die Binnenverteilung von Kraftstoffen zur Versorgung der Endverbraucher gegeben. Insgesamt werden die Importmöglichkeiten von erneuerbaren Kraftstoffen nach Deutschland und Europa unter technischen, ökonomischen und Sicherheitsaspekten bewertet, und anschließend werden mögliche Kandidaten für die Versorgung mit und die Anwendungsfälle von wasserstoffbasierten Kraftstoffen erläutert

Kurzstudie: Zukünftige maritime Treibstoffe und deren mögliche Importkonzepte

Weltweit werden etwa 90 % des internationalen Güterverkehrs per Schiff abgewickelt. Die meisten Schiffe nutzen dabei Schweröl und sind für ungefähr 3 % des weltweiten Anteils an den CO2-Emissionen verantwortlich. Die Dekarbonisierung des Schiffverkehrs spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verwirklichung einer klimaneutralen Transportwirtschaft. Daher hat sich die International Maritime Organisation (Internationale Seeschifffahrtsorganisation, IMO) das Ziel gesetzt, die Treibhausgasemissionen bis 2050 im Vergleich zu 2008 zu halbieren und gleichzeitig die CO2-Emissionen pro Tonnenmeile bis 2050 um 70 % zu senken. Um diese Ziele zu erfüllen besteht ein Bedarf an erneuerbaren Kraftstoffen, um die Umwelt- und Klimaauswirkungen der Schifffahrt kurz- und langfristig zu verringern. In dieser Kurzstudie werden alternative Kraftstoffe für die Zukunft des maritimen Sektors wie zum Beispiel Wasserstoff, Ammoniak, Methanol und flüssige organische Wasserstoffträger (LOHC) unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Produktion sowie Lagerung und Transports dargestellt. Zu Beginn der vorliegenden Kurzstudie werden Wasserstofftechnologien und Herstellungs-verfahren synthetischer Kraft- und Brennstoffe erläutert, die an Standorten mit viel Potenzial für die Erzeugung erneuerbarer Energien eingesetzt werden. Es wird ein Überblick über die Speicherung, den internationalen Transport, sowie die Binnenverteilung von Kraftstoffen zur Versorgung der Endverbraucher gegeben. Insgesamt werden die Importmöglichkeiten von erneuerbaren Kraftstoffen nach Deutschland und Europa unter technischen, ökonomischen und Sicherheitsaspekten bewertet, und anschließend werden mögliche Kandidaten für die Versorgung mit und die Anwendungsfälle von wasserstoffbasierten Kraftstoffen erläutert