Brannteknisk dimensjonering i henhold til Eurocodes

”Brannteknisk dimensjonering i henhold til Eurocode”, er navnet på dette prosjektet. Prosjektet går ut på å sammenligne NS (Norsk Standard) og ENV (foreløpige Eurocodes). Videre har prosjektet til hensikt å forenkle forstandardene ved å lage sammendrag, som gjør disse mer brukervennlige. I tilegg er det en målsetning å lage brukervennlige beregningsverktøy. Prosjektet tar utgangspunkt i konstruksjonsmaterialene betong, stål, betong/stål og tre. Videre fordyper oppgaven seg i de respektive konstruksjonsmaterialenes forstandarder. Ved sammenligning av NS og ENV, kom det fram flere forskjeller. En av forskjellene er at ENV tar mer hensyn til materialenes termiske og mekaniske egenskaper ved høye temperaturer. Dette bidrar til at ENV-standarden gir et bedre grunnlag for en mer nyansert brannteknisk konstruksjons løsning, som videre fører til mindre overdimensjonering. Sett ut i fra en økonomisk synsvinkel er dette positivt. Vi noterer oss og, at Norsk Standard snart kommer i en fornyet versjon. Den oppdaterte Norsk Standard ser ut til å være temmelig lik ENV. Etter hva det ser ut som på hørings standarden, vil denne være en forkortet oversettelse av ENV. Vi mener dette kan være forvirrende og unødvendig. Spesielt siden det er åpnet for bruk av nasjonale applikasjons dokumenter. Disse dokumentene er ment for å tilpasse ENV til de forskjellige brukerlandene. Norsk Standard burde etter vår mening heller utformes som et nasjonalt applikasjons dokument. Forenklingene av forstandardene tar for seg konstruksjonsmaterialene betong, stål, betong/stål og tre. Videre i forenklingene, er det sett nærmere på generelle egenskaper hos de respektive konstruksjonsmaterialene. Det ses spesielt på egenskapene under brannpåkjenning. Og til slutt forklares det hvilke beregningsmetoder ENV tar for seg. Disse er tabulert data, forenklede – og avanserte/generelle beregningsmetoder. Forstandardene er mer detaljert beskrevet i vedleggene 1 til 5 I tilegg er det utført et komplett beregningseksempel i vedlegg 6. Beregningsverktøyet er utformet i Excel og ligger som vedlegg 7 til dette prosjektet. Verktøyet er lett å bruke, men det krever visse faglige kunnskaper. Beregningsverktøyet er laget for å kunne benyttes til alle utregninger mhp. dimensjonering av bærende konstruksjoner

Many-body Effects in Angle-resolved Photoemission: Quasiparticle Energy and Lifetime of a Mo(110) Surface State

In a high-resolution photoemission study of a Mo(110) surface state various contributions to the measured width and energy of the quasiparticle peak are investigated. Electron-phonon coupling, electron-electron interactions and scattering from defects are all identified mechanisms responsible for the finite lifetime of a valence photo-hole. The electron-phonon induced mass enhancement and rapid change of the photo-hole lifetime near the Fermi level are observed for the first time.Comment: RevTEX, 4 pages, 4 figures, to be published in PR

Charge-imbalance effects in intrinsic Josephson systems

We report on two types of experiments with intrinsic Josephson systems made from layered superconductors which show clear evidence of nonequilibrium effects: 1. In 2-point measurements of IV-curves in the presence of high- frequency radiation a shift of the voltage of Shapiro steps from the canonical value hf/(2e) has been observed. 2. In the IV-curves of double-mesa structures an influence of the current through one mesa on the voltage measured on the other mesa is detected. Both effects can be explained by charge-imbalance on the superconducting layers produced by the quasi-particle current, and can be described successfully by a recently developed theory of nonequilibrium effects in intrinsic Josephson systems.Comment: 8pages, 9figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution

Microglia have critical roles not only in neural development and homeostasis, but also in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system(1-4). These highly diverse and specialized functions may be executed by subsets of microglia that already exist in situ, or by specific subsets of microglia that develop from a homogeneous pool of cells on demand. However, little is known about the presence of spatially and temporally restricted subclasses of microglia in the central nervous system during development or disease. Here we combine massively parallel single-cell analysis, single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization, advanced immunohistochemistry and computational modelling to comprehensively characterize subclasses of microglia in multiple regions of the central nervous system during development and disease. Single-cell analysis of tissues of the central nervous system during homeostasis in mice revealed specific time- and region-dependent subtypes of microglia. Demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases evoked context-dependent subtypes of microglia with distinct molecular hallmarks and diverse cellular kinetics. Corresponding clusters of microglia were also identified in healthy human brains, and the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis. Our data provide insights into the endogenous immune system of the central nervous system during development, homeostasis and disease, and may also provide new targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathologies

Digital maturity and its determinants in General Practice: a cross- sectional study in 20 countries

Background: The extent to which digital technologies are employed to promote the delivery of high-quality healthcare is known as Digital Maturity. Individual and systemic digital maturity are both necessary to ensure a successful, scalable and sustainable digital transformation in healthcare. However, digital maturity in primary care has been scarcely evaluated. Objectives: This study assessed the digital maturity in General Practice (GP) globally and evaluated its association with participants' demographic characteristics, practice characteristics and features of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) use. Methods: GPs across 20 countries completed an online questionnaire between June and September 2020. Demographic data, practice characteristics, and features of EHRs use were collected. Digital maturity was evaluated through a framework based on usage, resources and abilities (divided in this study in its collective and individual components), interoperability, general evaluation methods and impact of digital technologies. Each dimension was rated as 1 or 0. The digital maturity score was calculated as the sum of the six dimensions and ranged between 0 to 6 (maximum digital maturity). Multivariable linear regression was used to model the total score, while multivariable logistic regression was used to model the probability of meeting each dimension of the score. Results: One thousand six hundred GPs (61% female, 68% Europeans) participated. GPs had a median digital maturity of 4 (P25–P75: 3–5). Positive associations with digital maturity were found with: male gender [B = 0.18 (95% CI 0.01; 0.36)], use of EHRs for longer periods [B = 0.45 (95% CI 0.35; 0.54)] and higher frequencies of access to EHRs [B = 0.33 (95% CI 0.17; 0.48)]. Practicing in a rural setting was negatively associated with digital maturity [B = −0.25 (95%CI −0.43; −0.08)]. Usage (90%) was the most acknowledged dimension while interoperability (47%) and use of best practice general evaluation methods (28%) were the least. Shorter durations of EHRs use were negatively associated with all digital maturity dimensions (aOR from 0.09 to 0.77). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated notable factors that impact digital maturity and exposed discrepancies in digital transformation across healthcare settings. It provides guidance for policymakers to develop more efficacious interventions to hasten the digital transformation of General Practice

Determinants of Natural Mating Success in the Cannibalistic Orb-Web Spider Argiope bruennichi

Monogynous mating systems (low male mating rates) occur in various taxa and have evolved several times independently in spiders. Monogyny is associated with remarkable male mating strategies and predicted to evolve under a male-biased sex ratio. While male reproductive strategies are well documented and male mating rates are easy to quantify, especially in sexually cannibalistic species, female reproductive strategies, the optimal female mating rate, and the factors that affect the evolution of female mating rates are still unclear. In this study, we examined natural female mating rates and tested the assumption of a male-biased sex ratio and female polyandry in a natural population of Argiope bruennichi in which we controlled female mating status prior to observations. We predicted variation in female mating frequencies as a result of spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the distribution of mature females and males. Females had a low average mating rate of 1.3 and the majority copulated only once. Polyandry did not entirely result from a male-biased sex-ratio but closely matched the rate of male bigamy. Male activity and the probability of polyandry correlated with factors affecting pheromone presence such as virgin females' density. We conclude that a strong sex ratio bias and high female mating rates are not necessary components of monogynous mating systems as long as males protect their paternity effectively and certain frequencies of bigyny stabilise the mating system

Advances in multiple sclerosis research in 2009

The following review summarizes the progress in multiple sclerosis research published in the Journal of Neurology in 2009