The Secure and Energy Efficient Data Routing in the IoT based Network

The business applications such as weather forecasting, traffic management, weather forecasting, traffic management, etc., are enormously adopting Internet of Things(IoT). While scaling of these applications are fast, the device/sensor capabilities, particularly in terms of battery life and energy efficiency is limited. Despite of intensive research conducted to address these shortcomings, Wireless IoT Sensor Network(WIoTSN) still cannot assure 100\% efficient network life. Therefore, the core objective of the thesis is to provide an overview of energy efficiency of proactive(OLSR) and reactive(DSR and AODV) data routing protocols by scaling the size of network, i.e. number of sensor nodes, data packet size, data transmission rate and speed of mobile sink node. It also reviews the importance of security in WIoTSN. The two approaches, such as literature review and simulation testing, are used to achieve the objective of the thesis. The literature review provides information about reactive and proactive protocols and their mechanism for route discovery. Similarly, the network simulator tool NS3 is used for running simulation to evaluate the performance of selected routing protocols for energy efficiency. The thesis results showed the effect of scaling the parameters selected for experimental purpose on the energy efficiency of proactive and reactive data routing protocols. The simulation results prove that the reactive protocol DSR outperforms another reactive protocol AODV and proactive protocol OLSR in energy efficiency. From the security perspective, the thesis also emphasizes its need in IoT and suggest to minimize wasteful resources in WIoTSN and use them by restructuring the network for secure energy-efficient data routing protocols

Educational and socioeconomic status of Majhis: A study of Adamtar, Dhading district of Nepal

The research was conducted to find the educational status of Majhis. This is solely descriptive research in which educational condition of Majhis has been described along with their social and economic condition. Majhis should have improved their educational, social and economic condition because of easy access of school, market and social and political exposure. However there are no significant changes in their life style. So, the research was carried out. Data for this research were collected through interview and household survey. It was education issues. Therefore data were taken from students, teachers and head of the family

Farmers’ perception on status of livestock insurance in Surkhet district, Nepal

Livestock is an important sector for sustained livelihoods of Nepalese people, particularly for small holder farmers. However, occurrence of any disease or disaster may get livestock as the source of sufferings.  Livestock insurance can come up as an effective tool for risk management in livestock sector.  This study covers the current status and perception of the farmers on livestock insurance. A total of 45 livestock farmers were selected purposively from three municipalities (15 from each municipality) in Surkhet district as Birendranagar Municipality (Birendranagar, Saldada), Bheriganga Municipality (Maintada) and Lekbeshi Municipality (Lekfarsa, Dasarathpur and Satakhani). Data was collected by face-to-face interview with farmers (45), focus group discussions (2) and key informant survey (4). Mortality, high cost of animal, production loss and price risk were the major risks encountered in the farm. Utilization of their saving and loan reimbursement was preferred by the farmers for capital management. Adoption of insurance among livestock owners was found motivated mainly by cooperatives, friends and family. Among twenty insurance companies offering insurance policies in Surkhet district, Everest Insurance Company Limited was popular. Only few farmers were found having complete awareness on livestock insurance. Majority of farmers agreed on insurance as an effective tool for risk management whereas only 64.44% of total respondent farmers were insuring their livestock, out of which 37.93 % had renewed their insurance package. Goats were mostly insured. This study indicates that better coverage, further process simplification, and perspicuity of livestock insurance scheme including awareness raising are essential for livestock insurance to approach higher level of insurance adopters

Some Sociological Reflections on Development in the Eastern Himalayas

Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology - Volume 2, 199

Does Corporate Governance Matter for Bank Performance and Risk-taking? Insights from the Nepalese Banking Industry

Purpose: This study empirically examines the linkages of corporate governance with the performance and risk-taking of Nepalese banks. Methods: The study uses balanced panel data collected from annual reports [2010-2018] of the selected nineteen banks, including seven foreign-owned banks and twelve domestic banks. The study employs a descriptive and causal-comparative research design with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression approach. Results: The results reveal that a greater number of board meetings and audit committee meetings leads to better performance and lower risk. The independent sample t-test results show that foreign-owned banks significantly differ from domestic banks using corporate governance mechanisms except for board size and audit committee size. Cohen's d results reveal that the number of board-level committees has a medium effect and all other corporate governance variables have a lesser effect on domestic banks than on foreign-owned banks. Implications: The study has policy-level implications for the regulators to emphasize the provisions relating to board size, audit committee size, and their respective meetings for enhancing financial stability. Similarly, the study findings also facilitate bankers to look after and make changes to corporate governance practices prudently. Originality: This study uses Tobin's Q to measure bank performance and employs a Z-score to measure bank risk-taking behavior, which makes it one of the very few studies that explain the impact of corporate governance on bank performance and bank risk-taking

Transverse polarization of Σ^{+}(1189) in photoproduction on a hydrogen target in CLAS

Experimental results on the Σ+(1189) hyperon transverse polarization in photoproduction on a hydrogen target using the CLAS detector at Jefferson Laboratory are presented. The Σ+(1189) was reconstructed in the exclusive reaction γ+p→K0S+Σ+(1189) via the Σ+→pπ0 decay mode. The K0S was reconstructed in the invariant mass of two oppositely charged pions with the π0 identified in the missing mass of the detected pπ+π− final state. Experimental data were collected in the photon energy range Eγ=1.0–3.5 GeV (s√ range 1.66–2.73 GeV). We observe a large negative polarization of up to 95%. As the mechanism of transverse polarization of hyperons produced in unpolarized photoproduction experiments is still not well understood, these results will help to distinguish between different theoretical models on hyperon production and provide valuable information for the searches of missing baryon resonances

EFFECTIVENESS OF FACEBOOK ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS

In the school practices used in Nepal, the students studying math courses are supposed to show all steps used in solving a math problem. A random survey of answer papers submitted by students revealed that all students in a math class solved the questions in similar ways including the mistakes they made in solving them. The researchers assigned different types of questions as homework or assignments. After close observations, the researchers came to know that students were communicating via social networks like Facebook and share solutions. This observation led to this study? The researchers suggested students not to use Facebook and other social networks and focus on studies to address their parents’ concern and worries. As a result of concerns by parents, a short study was conducted using two groups. The participants were divided into two groups. The experimental group was allowed to use Facebook and the control group was taught in the traditional mode (Non-Facebook based instructional method. The two groups were pretested immediately after teaching. The post-test results show that using interactive social media did improve students’ performance on assignments and exams