The Rise of the Southern Economies: Implications for the WTO-Multilateral Trading System

The rise of the emerging southern economies ? China, India, Brazil, and South Africa (CIBS) ? as both economic and political actors, is having significant and far-reaching impact on the world economy. Notwithstanding the increasing amount of study and research, there are still important knowledge-gaps with respect to a range of likely consequences of the dynamism of the Southern Economies. One of these gaps concerns the implications for the WTO-multilateral trading system. The present paper proposes a review of the southern participation in the multilateral integration process and suggests a methodology to assess the impact of CIBS? rise on the future of the WTO system. Through the analysis of the trajectories of ?impact? of the trade channel, the paper draws some suggestive remarks.international trade, multilateral trading system, World Trade Organization, developing countries, China, Brazil, India, South Africa

Trade patterns and trade clusters: China, India, Brazil and South Africa in the global trading

The present paper analyzes the evolution of the specialization and trade patterns of China, India, Brazil and South Africa (CIBS) and other WTO countries. It aims to provide an answer to the following questions: is there a tendency to a multi-polarization of trade patterns? If so, is CIBS’ rise leading to new clusters with or among CIBS or other emerging countries? Also, ultimately, does this multi-polarization have a regional element to it? The paper deals with the above questions by presenting: i) a world map of trade clusters involving WTO countries and CIBS; ii) a comparison of the above clusters and their key characteristics in the last decade; and iii) the key drivers of clusters’ trends. The novelty of this study is twofold: first, it adopts a more comprehensive dataset for a wide range of countries and trade dimensions; second, it provides an evolutionary look at the clusters’ trends. The empirical results do not show neither a remarkable phenomenon of multi-polarization, nor evidence of CIBS as a significant separate group and/or regional agglomerationCIBS, trade patterns, trade specialization, cluster

Shādūf and Pulley

Scholars have not paid much attention to the shādūf and they often describe it without studying the historical developments of the mechanical principles upon which its functioning is based. However, this water lifting device plays a very important role in the emergence of some basic concepts of mechanics: equilibrium and the law of the lever. This paper looks at the history of these concepts in relation to the use of the shādūf and pulley. It allows us to identify a set of basic principles that we can find both in theoretical works (the oldest surviving text is the Pseudo-Aristotelian Mechanical Problems 300 BC) and in books more focused on the practical applications of such principles

A Journey to the Centre of the Earth: Cosmology and the Centrobaric Theory from Antiquity to the Renaissance

This chapter aims to throw light on the ways in which the concept of center of gravity interacted with some of the cosmological ideas conceived in antiquity and in particular with the idea of the figure of earth as presented in Aristotle\u2019s De coelo. Developing earlier research, this study provides a better understanding of the scientific discussion that took place during the crucial first stage in the development of modern science. The origins and earliest stages in the development of the concept of center of gravity in Ancient Greece was briefly studied by Duhem, whose cursory analysis of a few texts by Pappus and Archimedes was undertaken with the specific purpose of showing the supposed faults inherent in Greek statics. The chapter will begin with a discussion of these Greek sources and attempt to follow the intellectual recovery of this key concept in the Renaissance and the first decades of the seventeenth century, relying in particular on a thorough study of textbooks used for teaching astronomy in Jesuit schools, for example, Commentaries on De sphera of Sacrobosco

Tariff Liberalisation and Trade Growth: a Comparative Historical Analysis to Assess the Multilateral Trading System

The aim of this work is to estimate the relationship between tariff barriers and trade growth at the world level applying a long-term approach and comparing different trade regimes. At the same time it aims at giving useful insights to assess the effectiveness of the current multilateral trading system in fostering international trade. The distinctive feature of this study is the use of a long term data set concerning tariffs and trade of twenty-three countries (which account for over 60 per cent of world trade of the entire period) for the 1870-2000 time span. Using times series and panel data analyses the author shows as the existence of a long run relationship between tariffs reduction and trade growth at the world level is quantitatively noteworthy exclusively in the period before the Second World War while it weakens starting from 1950. The empirical results do not controvert the role that the GATT/WTO system has played in the tariff reduction process but underline as its main effect has been linked to the creation of a rule-based environment governing global trade relations, through which uncertainty was reduced and the spread of best practices promoted.Tariffs; world trade; multilateral trading system; Gatt/WTO, time series; ECM

Energy efficiency, productivity and exporting: firm-level evidence in Latin America

This work explores the relationship between energy efficiency, productivity and exporting for a sample of firms located in thirty Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. This relationship has not been studied in depth although it is important and relevant to policymaking. We apply a standard constant returns to scale Cobb-Douglas production function with labor, capital, and knowledge expanded to exports and energy efficiency. We also investigate the relationship between energy efficiency and exporting and take heterogeneity by firms and industries into account. Firm-level data come from the national representative World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES). Our empirical analysis finds heterogeneous results by firm size and industrial sector both in the relationship between energy efficiency and productivity and between energy efficiency and exporting. These outcomes are robust to different measures of energy efficiency and controlling for heterogeneity among countries and provinces. By providing for the first time an extensive investigation of energy intensity and firm performance for such a large sample of LAC countries, this work contributes to the lively debate on LAC energy efficiency and weak productivity. By adopting a broader productivity and international trade perspective, it opens the ground to a rethinking of the priorities of energy saving policies and their environmental impacts

ANALISIS PUTUSAN HAKIM NOMOR 80/PID.SUS/2019/PN.TAS TENTANG TINDAK PIDANA PENCABULAN TERHADAP ANAK

Putusan hakim merupakan putusan yang penting dalam penyelesaian suatu perkara dimana putusan hakim berguna bagi terdakwa untuk memperoleh kepastian hukum dari proses peradilan yang telah dilaluinya. Kekuasaan kehakiman bersifat bebas guna menegakan hukum dan keadilan, akan tetapi kebebasan hakim bukanlah bebas sebebas-bebasnya namun tetap dibatasi oleh aturan dan norma. Faktanya ada Hakim dalam memutus perkara belum sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan. Misalnya Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Tais nomor 80/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Tas. Putusan ini terkait dengan Terdakwa lanjut usia yang melakukan tindak pidana pencabulan terhadap anak. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis apakah putusan hakim nomor 80/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Tas sudah sesuai atau belum dengan ancaman pidana pada Pasal 82 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak dan  untuk mengkaji, menganalisis dan mengetahui faktor lanjut usia Terdakwa apakah dapat dijadikan sebagai pertimbangan Hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana. Hasil peneltian ini yaitu Putusan Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Tais Nomor 80/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Tas sudah memenuhi unsur-unsur yuridis tetapi dalam penjatuhan pidananya masih belum sesuai dengan Pasal 82 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak karena pidana yang dijatuhkan jauh dibawah ancaman minimum dan faktor lanjut usia terdakwa dapat dijadikan sebagai pertimbangan hakim secara sosiologis untuk meringankan pidananya. Kata Kunci: Analisis Putusan, Pencabulan Anak, Lanjut Usi

The effects of global value chain (GVC) participation on the economic growth of the agricultural and food sectors

Trade liberalization has long been advocated as a means to foster growth and welfare. In developing countries, the expansion of global value chain (GVC) participation of agriculture and food sectors could support transformation from a subsistence-oriented and farm-centred system to a commercialized, productive and off-farm centred one. While empirical evidence examining the linkages between GVC participation and economic performance in the agricultural sector has traditionally relied on case studies at the product level, the availability of new aggregate data on trade in value added, now provides an unprecedented opportunity to carry out a global empirical assessment of the linkages. The present paper examines new measures of GVCs participation and positioning from the EORA panel data for the period 1995–2015 (Nenci, 2020) and tests their effects on changes in agriculture value added per worker. The results show that changes in GVC participation are, on average and ceteris paribus, positively associated with changes in agriculture value added per worker, net to time-invariant confounders, whereas mixed results are found on the effects of countries’ positioning along the value chain. In the conclusive remarks, the authors argue that import tariff and non-tariff barriers – including barriers to service trade – should be seen as the first obstacle to increase GVC participation and improve domestic value added. The presence of signs of heterogeneity by geographical location confirms that general universal recipes do not exist

Pengaruh Harga dan Citra terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Angkringan di Kelurahan Sendangadi, Mlati, Sleman

Penelitian ini bertujuan Untuk mengetahui apakah harga, dan citra, mempunyai pengaruh secara bersama-sama terhadap kepuasan konsumen angkringan di Kelurahan Sendangadi, Mlati Sleman. Untuk mengetahui apakah harga, dan citra mempunyai pengaruh secara sendiri-sendiri terhadap kepuasan konsumen angkringan di Kelurahan Sendangadi, Mlati Sleman Variabel penelitian ini adalah harga, citra dan kepuasan konsumen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu masyarakat yang membeli makanan angkringan di Kelurahan Sendangadi, Mlati, Sleman. Sampel penelitian ini adalah sebagian dari masyarakat yang membeli makanan angkringan di Kelurahan Sendangadi, Mlati, Sleman. Sampel diambil dari sebagain pupulasi sejumlah 56 orang. Metode pengambilan sampel Aksidental. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Hasil analisis data dengan Analisis Regresi Berganda diperoleh persamaan regresi Y=0,451X1+0,349X2. Harga mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen dengan tingkat α=5%. Citra mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan konsumen dengan tingkat α=5%. Harga dan citra mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan secara simultan terhadap kepuasan konsumen dengan tingkat α=5%. Kepuasan konsumen dipengaruhi harga dan citra sebesar 51,4%, sedangkan sisanya sebesar 48,5% dipengaruhi variabel lain, yang tidak di jelaskan dalam penelitian ini. Kata Kunci : Harga, Citra dan Kepuasan Konsume