Energieffektiviseringar av miljonprojekt byggen

The work researches which are the most profitable renovations measures when it comes to apartment buildings build in Sweden, during the Million Programme, between the years 1969-1974. By reviewing studies conducted on twelve properties, located in Sweden's third climatic zone, this work will find the renovation measures that are most common. Three of the most prevalent renovation measures are then picked for further examination. For an easier understanding of what the different renovation measures there are chapters in this work that describe these in more detail. Likewise, there are chapters in the work that deals with the financial aspects so that the readers easier can understand how calculations of performance indicators, such as payback period and internal rate of return, are done. When the most common renovation measures are found, calculations are done on a reference building. The reference object is a 3 storey building built during the Million Programme and is situated on Västra Berga in Helsingborg. Finally the measures are examined in more detail , and calculations are performed on energy savings in renovation , how much money will be saved and how long it will take before the investment repaid itself . It all results in a comparison where we find out which renovation measures are most profitable. The work also discusses other possible advantages and disadvantages that are not tied to the economic aspects

Performance Analysis of Industrial Cooperative Communication System in Generalized Fading Environment

This paper considers the performance analysis of M-ary phase shift keying industrial cooperative relaying system in Nakagami-m multipath fading channel with Gamma shadowing, which is known as the Generalized-K composite fading channel. Since the paper deals with the industrial environment, the communication channel is also affected by the additive Middleton\u27s Class-A impulsive noise. The bit error rate is used as a performance measure and the closed-form average bit error rate expression was derived. The influence of different fading and noise parameters on the system performance is investigated. The obtained results may be used for the improvement of the present and future industrial wireless communication systems

ENERGY OPTIMIZATION OF SERBIAN BUILDINGS WITH PV PANELS AND DIFFERENT HEATING SYSTEMS

Today, renewable energy plays an elementary role in resolving environmental pollution and global warming problems. Solar energy has become a promising alternative source due to its advantages: abundance, pollution free, and renewability. In this paper, possibilities to decrease energy consumption of residential buildings are analyzed. The buildings with electrical energy generated by PV system and different space heating systems (electric heating, district heating) are investigated. The major aims are to determine the area of the PV array installed on the roof and to minimize the energy consumption. Then, it is possible to achieve the zero-net energy building (ZNEB) or positive-net energy building (PNEB). The buildings were simulated in EnergyPlus environment. Open Studio plug-in in Google SketchUp was used for buildings design, Hooke-Jeeves algorithm for optimization, and GENOPT software for software execution control during optimization

INFLUENCE OF SURFACE CONVECTION ALGORITHM TO ENERGYPLUS PREDICTION OF NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING BEHAVIOUR

This paper analyzes use of EnergyPlus software to analyze energy consumption of the net zero energy building in a specific period. The problem can be represented as a difference in the amount of energy needed for the zero-energy building. The observed time interval can be a full year or, more precisely, the impact of climate on the territory of the Republic of Serbia – the seasons to the need for energy. The program analyses the influence of the surface convection algorithms such as TARP, simple, adaptive convection, etc. on the prediction results. Discrepancy of the results in the observed time interval can have both positive and negative values

The theoretical prediction of interactions between soluble silicon, iron (III) and carboxylate anions in plant fluids

Recently, we proposed the presence of iron (Fe)-polysilicate chelate-like complexes as one of the possible mechanism involved in silicon (Si)-mediated alleviation of Fe deficiency in plants (see Pavlovic et al., this volume). The presence of metals and organic ligands (e.g. oxalate and citrate) in aqueous solution can result in the complexation with dissolved silica. In aqueous solutions with low dissolved silica concentration (<10 mM) the principal species are monomeric (e.g. H4Si04(aq), H3Si04·, H2Si0/ ), and polymeric forms to various extents. The anionic species Sil/ which is formed according to the reaction: Si(OH)4 + 3H2L =SiL32-+ 2H+ + 4H20, is a hexacoordinated charge-transfer complex in which the ligands (L) are bidentately bound. A likely assumption is that the main interactions between Si and polycarboxylates do not take place in the aqueous phase, I nit rather on the surface of the dissolved particles (such as the surface of plant cell walls). As a strong Fe chelator, citrate (Cit4-) has been considered as the most likely major candidate for Fe transport in plants via xylem and apoplastic fluids. Ferric-citrate chemistry is complicated and a definitive description of Its aqueous speciation at the neutral or weakly acidic pH va lues (typical for plant fluids) remains elusive. The predominant Fe(lll)-citrate species at the physiological pH values are the mononuclear biologically relevant dicitrate [Fe(Cit)2)5- complex and multinuclear species of low nuclearity, in particular trinuclear complexes The [Fe(Cit)i]5· complex predominates in the Fe: citrate molar ratio range 1:100 to 1:10 (the normal range found in the apoplastic fluids of Fe-adequate plants). Aqueous silica forms stable complexes with polymeric ferric oxy-hydroxide species, which may be formed in the root apoplast. The structure of the Fe-Si complexes appears to be similar at both acid and alkaline pH. The presence of single-corner Fe-0-Si bonds is expected in the monomer complex FeOSi(OH)3 2+ in the acidic solutions. Silica substitutes for double-corner FeO6-octahedra in Fe oxy-hydroxide polymeric complexes existing in the early stages of Fe(III) hydrolysis, likely by forming 2C-type (double corner) complexes with small Fe oxy-hydroxide polymers whose structure consists of Fe06-octahedra linked together by common edges. In low activities aqueous silica solutions, Fe3+ remains essentially hexa-coordinated

Chemical composition and cholesterol content in M. longissimus dorsi from free-range reared Swallow-belly Mangalitsa: the effect of gender

The objective of this study was to determine chemical composition and cholesterol content in M. longissimus dorsi (MLD) of Swallow-belly Mangalitsa, free-range reared, and to investigate possible effects of gender on these quality parameters of its meat. Average moisture and fat contents were significantly different in male and female pig muscles. The differences in average values of ash, protein and cholesterol contents between the two groups (genders) of meat samples were not significant. In MLD samples of female pigs, total fat had a significant influence on cholesterol content, while this influence was not established in MLD of male pigs. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

Nanostructured Fe2O3/TiO2 thick films prepared by screen printing

Nanostructured single layered (pure TiO2 , pure α-Fe2O3 and mixed Fe2O3 /TiO2 with two different oxide ratios, 2 : 3 and 3 : 2) and double layered (TiO2 layer over a Fe2O3 layer) thick films have been fabricated by screen printing technology on a glass substrate. The pastes used for film preparation were obtained by adding an organic vehicle to the oxide powders together with a small percentage of binding glass frit. Samples were dried up to 100 °C and sintered at 650 °C/60 minutes. Structural, morphological and optical studies have been carried out using XRD, SEM analyses and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The prepared pure and mixed Fe2O3 /TiO2 thick films had a homogenous nanostructure without secondary phases. Indirect band gaps were determined from the measured transmission spectra and the obtained values are in the range of literature data. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III45007

Optimization of the Parameters of Broaching Machining Mode by Using the Method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

Optimally chosen parameters of the processing mode directly influence total costs of production of a single product and therefore the profit of the company as well. In this paper, the choice of optimum parameters of the broaching processing mode by using the method of particle swarm optimization (PSO) is shown. The goal of optimization is represented through the goal function (optimization function or optimization criterion) and by using the method of optimization PSO, minimum costs of machining process are obtained. Optimization function is also represented graphically for the purpose of clearer analysis on the technological area in which the values of machining mode that give minimum costs of machining process are presented.Publishe

IMPACT OF DIAGNOSTICS STATE MODEL TO THE RELIABILITY OF MOTOR VEHICLES

This paper presents the model of diagnosis of the condition in order to maximise the reliability of motor vehicles and their availability to work. The studied model of the reliability condition diagnosis of motor vehicles included the most important parameters of the theoretical and experimental analyses. Analysis of its formation is based on the recordings of total failures of integral components which are in the function of the parameters observed in the condition diagnostics of motor vehicles components. The research included failures that occurred under the influence of increased operating temperatures and worn-out of bearings (stable, flying and sliding) on the crank and camshaft, all in order to provide better insight into the problem. By reliability analysis, we conclude that it is in parallel collusion with authoritative reliability of motor vehicle which is determined and depends on the observed increase in diagnostic parameters: temperature and worn-out of bearings

LTE AND WIFI CO-EXISTENCE IN 5 GHZ UNLICENSED BAND

Since the future mobile networks will require significantly higher data throughput, and the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) licensed bands are already occupied, the frequency band extension and the data rate increase may be achieved by using some of the available unlicensed bands. The most appropriate unlicensed band for this purpose lies in 5 GHz frequency range. However, this unlicensed band is already occupied by WiFi networks and a special attention has to be paid to coordinate these two different networks in the shared spectrum usage. Therefore, this paper considers the shared access co-existence in 5 GHz unlicensed band between uncoordinated LTE and WiFi networks. More precisely, it considers the influence of the LTE downlink transmission on the performance of the WiFi networks. The experimental results show that the LTE significantly degrades the WiFi network performance, which means that some of the coordination algorithms have to be employed