275 research outputs found
Characteristics of growth and development of perennial grasses on the basis of meadow tetraploid clover
Perennial grasses are less dependent on weather and soil conditions than other crops due to their plasticity, low demand for growing conditions, and a large variety of species. In 2013-2017 in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic the biological properties of meadow tetraploid clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa changeable (Medicago x varia Martyn), birds-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), eastern galega (GalΓ©ga orientΓ‘lis Lam.) and timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.) in double and triple agrocenoses were studied according to the age of the grass stand and the term of mowing. Plant density of perennial grasses in agrocenoses depended on the biological characteristics of the species, the age of grass stand and the term of mowing. In the first year of use of agrophytocenoses the density of stalk stand was at the level of 374-542 pcs /m2, in the second year of use it was a little higher (348-688 pcs /m2), in the third year of use β 240-594 pcs /m2. High density of meadow tetraploid clover in the grass stand was noted in the second year of use β 266-520 pcs/m2. The number of timothy grass stems (122-194 pcs/m2) in the grass mixture was high even in the first year of grass stand use, in the following years there was a further increase of this indicator to 196-412 pcs/m2. By the third year of use there was an increase in the number of stems ofΒ alfalfa changeable to 86-148 pcs/m2 and birds-foot trefoil β up to 108-200 pcs/m2. The plant density of the eastern galega in agrocenoses was low. The agrometeorological conditions of the year and the term of mowing affected the height and leafiness of perennial grass plants in agrocenoses. The leafiness of meadow tetraploid clover reached 64%, of the eastern galega β 74%. Timothy grass plants were less leafy β 23-38%. The heightΒ of meadow clover plants was at the level of 51 cm, of timothy grass β 75-78 cm. Birds-foot trefoil was the shortest component of grass mixtures. High yield of dry mass of single-species sowing of meadow tetraploid clover was obtained in the first two years of use β 7.8 and 6.5 t/ha, respectively. By the third year of use, the productivity of clover decreased to 2.9 t/ha. The highest yields for the years of research were formed by the following agrocenoses: clover + alfalfa, clover + timothy, and clover + alfalfa + timothy β 5.9-6.3 t/ha
Coordination [CoII2] and [CoIIZnII] helicates showing slow magnetic relaxation
The slow magnetic relaxation of CoII ions in the elusive intermediate geometry between the trigonal prism and antiprism has been studied on the new [Co2L3]4+ and [CoZnL3]4+ coordination helicates [L is a bis(pyrazolylpyridine) ligand]. Solution paramagnetic 1H NMR and solid-state magnetization measurements unveil single-molecule-magnet behavior with small axial anisotropy, as predicted previously
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ-ΠΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°
The selection of highly productive varieties is one way to increase crop yield, including red clover. New varieties should be specialised for the type of use and resistant to limiting environmental factors. The research aims to evaluate varieties of red clover of Russian and foreign breeding in terms of fodder and seed production in the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region. The studies were carried out in 2019β2021. on soddy medium podzolic medium loamy soil in the forest-meadow zone of the Udmurt Republic. The meteorological conditions of the growing seasons in the years of research were different: 2019 - waterlogged Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) - 1.73), 2020 - slightly dry (HTC - 1.04), 2021 - dry (HTC - 0, 78), incl. in May and June significant dryness was noted (HTC - 0.42 and 0.52, respectively). Clover varieties reached mowing ripe in 56β61 days. Varieties Metis, Milena and Blizard stood out on average for two years of using red clover herbage in terms of yield (5.3β5.7 t/ha of dry weight). The increase in foliage up to 44β55% to 4.9β6.2 g (mass of one stem) contributed to high yields in these varieties. The dry matter of red clover varieties contained 0.3β0.7% phosphorus, 1.2β2.4% potassium and 0.5β1.1% calcium. The highest yield of metabolic energy (49.6 and 51.4 GJ/ha), digestible protein (0.60 and 0.65 t/ha) and feed units (3.87 and 3.89 thousand units/ha) were noted in varieties Dayana and Milena. The seed productivity of red clover varieties was 155β246 kg/ha. The highest (225β246 kg/ha) was observed in types Dayana, Krynia, VIK-77, and Ganymed. The yield of varieties Milena and Metis (198 and 205 kg/ha, respectively) was at the level of the standard array.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ-ΠΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π² 2019β2021 Π³Π³. Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ³Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ Π£Π΄ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ: 2019 Π³. β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ (ΠΠ’Π β 1,73), 2020 Π³. β Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ (ΠΠ’Π β 1,04), 2021 Π³. β Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ (ΠΠ’Π β 0,78), Π² Ρ.Ρ. Π² ΠΌΠ°Π΅, ΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ (ΠΠ’Π β 0,42 ΠΈ 0,52 ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ). Π£ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° 56β61 Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ. Π ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π·Π° Π΄Π²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (5,3β5,7 Ρ/Π³Π° ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ) Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ΄. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ 44β55% ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 4,9β6,2 Π³ β ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Ρ. Π ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ 0,3β0,7 % ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°, 1,2β2,4 β ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈ 0,5β1,1 % ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ (49,6 ΠΈ 51,4 ΠΠΠΆ/Π³Π°), ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π° (0,60 ΠΈ 0,65 Ρ/Π³Π°) ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ (3,87 ΠΈ 3,89 ΡΡΡ. ΠΊ. Π΅Π΄/Π³Π°) ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π°. Π‘Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ 155β246 ΠΊΠ³/Π³Π°, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ (225β246 ΠΊΠ³/Π³Π°) ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠ½Π°, ΠΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΠΠ-77, ΠΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄. Π£ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ (198 ΠΈ 205 ΠΊΠ³/Π³Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ) Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ 2035 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ 2050 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²: Π·Π° 2012β2019 Π³Π³. ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° 9 % Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ 2035 Π³. ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° 7β11 %. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ: ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ), Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ₯, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊ) Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°. Π ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ, ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ
Integrative-project Model of Environmental Education in the Training System of the Students
education and population enlightenment become the first priority. The principles and objectives of environmental education should be formulated in accordance with the social order, which is given to the education system from the whole society: the formation of a harmoniously developed personality as an ideal and a supreme value. In this case, the education of a rational attitude to nature is seen as a component of personal diversification. In this regard, an urgent analysis is required by the questions of selection of scientific material in the content of academic disciplines, methods and technical means of its transmission. The integrated education is the foundation, the heart of understanding the problems of development of both the person and the environment. We have worked out an integrative-project model of environmental education of university students, which is based on didactic principles of environmental education: scientific, systematic, continual and consequential, integrative, linking theory to practice, problematic, the principles of professional orientation, activity, regionalization, humanization and humanitarization.
Keywords: higher education,Β professional competency, integrative, environmental education
JEL Classifications: I2, I24, P3
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ 2035 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎ 2050 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²: Π·Π° 2012β2019 Π³Π³. ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° 9 % Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΠΎ 2035 Π³. ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° 7β11 %. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ: ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ), Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Π±ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠΠ₯, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ (Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊ) Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°. Π ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠΏΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ, ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ
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