12 research outputs found

    Facile synthesis of graphene from waste tire/silica hybrid additives and optimization study for the fabrication of thermally enhanced cement grouts

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    This work evaluates the effects of newly designed graphene/silica hybrid additives on the properties of cementitious grout. In the hybrid structure, graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) obtained from waste tire was used to improve the thermal conductivity and reduce the cost and environmental impacts by using recyclable sources. Additionally, functionalized silica nanoparticles were utilized to enhance the dispersion and solubility of carbon material and thus the hydrolyzable groups of silane coupling agent were attached to the silica surface. Then, the hybridization of GNP and functionalized silica was conducted to make proper bridges and develop hybrid structures by tailoring carbon/silica ratios. Afterwards, special grout formulations were studied by incorporating these hybrid additives at different loadings. As the amount of hybrid additive incorporated into grout suspension increased from 3 to 5 wt%, water uptake increased from 660 to 725 g resulting in the reduction of thermal conductivity by 20.6%. On the other hand, as the concentration of GNP in hybrid structure increased, water demand was reduced, and thus the enhancement in thermal conductivity was improved by approximately 29% at the same loading ratios of hybrids in the prepared grout mixes. Therefore, these developed hybrid additives showed noticeable potential as a thermal enhancement material in cement-based grouts

    Synergistic effect of expanded graphite-silane functionalized silica as a hybrid additive in improving the thermal conductivity of cementitious grouts with controllable water uptake

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    Recently, a growing demand for geothermal applications has led to the exploitation of energy efficiently by developing grouting materials in the borehole between pipes and the ground. Therefore, the current study developed newly formulated cementitious grouts by the integration of expanded graphite (EG)-based hybrid additives synthesized by building chemical bridges between silica particles and EG in the presence of amino functional silane coupling agents. These produced hybrid additives with controlled EG and silica ratios were utilized in grout mixtures used in borehole heat exchangers to enhance the thermal conductivity. According to the optimization study on the formulation development of grout mixtures with bentonite, silica sands, cement, and superplasticizer by adding neat EG and EG-based hybrids, the relationship between the carbon amount and water demand was found to have a significant impact on thermal conductivity. The highest thermal conductivity value of 2.656 W/mK was achieved by the incorporation of 5 wt% hybrid additive with the ratio silica/EG of 1:5 compared to the reference grout, which showed a thermal conductivity of 2.373 W/mK. Therefore, the enhancement in thermal conductivity was dependent on the increase in the EG content and also the additive loading ratio, resulting in a slight increase in the water demand

    Development of advanced materials guided by numerical simulations to improve performance and cost-efficiency of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs)

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    [EN] One promising way to improve the efficiency of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) in shallow geothermal applications is to enhance the thermal properties of the materials involved in its construction. Early attempts, such as using metal tubes in the 1980s or the utilization of thin-foil hoses, did not succeed in being adopted by the market for diverse reasons (cost, corrosion, fragility, etc...). In parallel, the optimization of pipe size, the use of double-U-tubes, thermally enhanced grout, etc. were able to bring the measure for the BHE efficiency, the borehole thermal resistance, from 0.20 to 0.15 K/(Wm) down to 0.08-0.06 K/(Wm) in the best solutions today. A further improvement cannot be expected without development of new, dedicated materials, combining the versatility of plastic like PE with an increased thermal conductivity that matches the respective properties of the rock and soil. This goal was included in the Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda of the European Technology Platform on Renewable Heating and Cooling in 2013. Within an EU supported project, both BHE pipes and grouting materials have been produced prototypically in small amounts, suitable for the first tests in the intended environment. The present work explains the research pathways envisaged and the resulting sensitivity analysis to highlight the influence of some of the most critical parameters that affect the overall performance of a GSHP system. The results have allowed guiding the real development of more efficient new advanced materials for different scenarios representative of different European regions. Finally the developed materials and their properties are discussed, including a comparative assessment about their compliance with reference material properties as currently seen in the BHE market.This article is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 727583.Badenes Badenes, B.; Sanner, B.; Mateo Pla, MÁ.; Cuevas, JM.; Bartoli, F.; Ciardelli, F.; GonzĂĄlez, RM.... (2020). Development of advanced materials guided by numerical simulations to improve performance and cost-efficiency of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). Energy. 201:1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117628117201Alva, G., Lin, Y., & Fang, G. (2018). An overview of thermal energy storage systems. Energy, 144, 341-378. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.037Li, H., Xu, W., Yu, Z., Wu, J., & Sun, Z. (2017). Application analyze of a ground source heat pump system in a nearly zero energy building in China. Energy, 125, 140-151. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.108Ozgener, O. (2010). Use of solar assisted geothermal heat pump and small wind turbine systems for heating agricultural and residential buildings. Energy, 35(1), 262-268. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.09.018Jensen, J. K., Ommen, T., Markussen, W. B., & Elmegaard, B. (2017). Design of serially connected district heating heat pumps utilising a geothermal heat source. Energy, 137, 865-877. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.164A. C. Crandall, House heating with earth heat pump, Electr World, 126/19, 94-5 (1946).Moegle, E. (2009). Earth- and buildingsided characteristics of a geothermal energy field with five coaxial tubes erected in 1974 in Schoenaich (County of Boeblingen) – a contribution to history for near-surface geothermic drilling in Europe. Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins, 91, 31-35. doi:10.1127/jmogv/91/2009/31Lundh, M., & DalenbĂ€ck, J.-O. (2008). Swedish solar heated residential area with seasonal storage in rock: Initial evaluation. Renewable Energy, 33(4), 703-711. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2007.03.024Ground coupled heat pumps of high technology - groundhit, Funded by FP6-SUSTDEV - sustainable development, global change and ecosystems: thematic priority 6 under the focusing and integrating community research programme 2002-2006. Project ID: 503063.Go, G.-H., Lee, S.-R., Yoon, S., Park, H., & Park, Sk. (2014). Estimation and experimental validation of borehole thermal resistance. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(4), 992-1000. doi:10.1007/s12205-014-0454-xZhang, S., Huang, Z., Li, G., Wu, X., Peng, C., & Zhang, W. (2018). Numerical analysis of transient conjugate heat transfer and thermal stress distribution in geothermal drilling with high-pressure liquid nitrogen jet. Applied Thermal Engineering, 129, 1348-1357. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.042Fossa, M., & Minchio, F. (2013). The effect of borefield geometry and ground thermal load profile on hourly thermal response of geothermal heat pump systems. Energy, 51, 323-329. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.12.043SPIN-PET, Via R. Piaggio, 32, 56025, Pontedera ,Italy, http://www.spinpet.it//, [Online; accessed 12-December-2019].SILMA, Via Lombardia 97/00/101, Poggio a Caiano, Italy, http://www.spinpet.it//, [Online; accessed 12-December-2019].AIMPLAS, Plastics Technology Centre, Paterna, Spain, https://www.aimplas.net/aimplas/, [Online; accessed 12-December-2019].CAUDAL - Extruline Systems, Puerto Lumbreras (Murcia), Spain, https://www.caudal.es/index.php/en/, [Online; accessed 12-December-2019].ASTM C 666: [Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing].ASTM C 531-85: Standard test method for linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion of chemical-resistant mortars, grouts, monolithic surfacings, and polymer concretes.EN 197-1: Cement - Part 1: composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements.EN 445: Grout for prestressing tendons - test methods.SS 137244: Concrete testing – hardened concrete – scaling at freezing.RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division SamhĂ€llsbyggnad – Infrastructure and Concrete Construction, Stockholm, Sweden, https://www.ri.se/sv, [Online; accessed 12-December-2019].UBeG GbR, Wetzlar, Germany, http://www.ubeg.de. [Online; accessed 12-December-2019]

    An Experimental Study to Measure Grout Penetrability, Improve the Grout Spread, and Evaluate the Real Time Grouting Control Theory

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    Due to the significant influence of the grout penetrability properties on spread of grout in rock fractures, this study aimed to investigate the grout penetrability from four different aspects. In Part (a), after review of all the existing methodologies developed to measure the grout penetrability, Filter-pump and Penetrability-meter were examined against Short-slot to figure out which one is more reliable. The study decisively considered Short-slot more reliable. In part (b), the so-called varying aperture long slot (VALS), an artificial fracture with apertures of 230-10 ÎŒm, was developed to study the gout penetrability more realistically. In part (c), a low-frequency rectangular pressure impulse was introduced to improve the grout spread by successive erosion of the produced filter cakes in consecutive cycles. The results showed considerable improvement in experiments using Short-slot. The dissipation of the pressure impulses was then investigated using VALS with noticeable remaining amplitudes after 2.0-2.7 m. In part (d), VALS was once more introduced to examine RTGC theory in a fracture with variable aperture. The study showed a relatively satisfactory agreement between the experimental results and the predictions of the grout propagation using the hydraulic aperture, whereas the predictions using the mean physical aperture showed considerably faster spread.För att uppnĂ„ den tĂ€thet som krĂ€vs i undermarkskonstruktioner Ă€r det nödvĂ€ndigt att uppnĂ„ tillrĂ€cklig spridning av bruket vid injekteringen. Cementbaserade injekteringsmedel Ă€r vanligast inom injekteringsindustrin, eftersom det har flera fördelar, sĂ€rskilt frĂ„n ekonomisk och miljömĂ€ssig synvinkel. Eftersom intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan kan pĂ„verkas betydligt hos injekteringsmedel beroende pĂ„ vilket bruk man anvĂ€nder, Ă€r syftet med denna avhandling att studera: a) Vilka av de befintliga metoder som har utvecklats för att mĂ€ta intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel Ă€r tillförlitliga? b) Hur kan man mĂ€ta intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel mer realistiskt? c) Hur kan man förbĂ€ttra spridningen hos injekteringsmedel med hjĂ€lp av dynamiska tryckimpulser? och d) Kan Real Time Grouting Control (RTGC)-teorin anvĂ€ndas för att förutse spridningen hos injekteringsmedel i en artificiell spricka med varierande vidd? I del a) av studien genomfördes en undersökning av alla befintliga metoder som har utvecklats för att mĂ€ta intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel. DĂ€refter genomfördes en jĂ€mförelse mellan Filterpumpen, Filterpressen (d.v.s. tvĂ„ av de vanligaste metoderna i svensk injekteringsindustri) och metoden Kort spalt under sĂ„ lika provförhĂ„llanden som möjligt. Studien visade att Kort spalt Ă€r tillförlitligare pĂ„ grund av dess mer realistiska provförhĂ„llanden (d.v.s. geometrin, trycket och injekteringsvolymen) och Ă€r dĂ€rmed en bĂ€ttre utvĂ€rderingsmetod. I del b) utvecklades en sĂ„ kallad Varying Aperture Long Slot (VALS), en fyra meter lĂ„ng artificiell spricka med minskande spaltvidder (frĂ„n 230 till 10 ÎŒm), som Ă€r en mer realistisk metod för att studera intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel under statiska/dynamiska tryckförhĂ„llanden upp till 20 bar. I del c) anvĂ€ndes en lĂ„gfrekvent rektangulĂ€r tryckimpuls för att förbĂ€ttra spridningen hos injekteringsmedlet genom successiv erosion av filterkakor som har byggts vid förtrĂ€ngningar i konsekutiva cykler. Resultaten visade en förbĂ€ttring pĂ„ upp till 11 gĂ„nger mer volym i mĂ€tningar med Kort spalt med 30-43 ÎŒm breda spaltvidder. Sedan, spridningen av tryckimpulserna undersöktes lĂ€ngs VALS. Resultaten visade att de Ă„terstĂ„ende amplituderna av tryckimpulser kan vara sĂ„ stora som 46% respektive 25% av den applicerade amplituden 2,0 m respektive 2,7 m in i sprickan. I del d) anvĂ€ndes VALS igen för att undersöka om RTGC-teorin kan anvĂ€ndas för att bedöma spridningen av injekteringsmedel i en konstgjord spricka med variabel spaltvidd. Studien visade en förhĂ„llandevis tillfredsstĂ€llande överensstĂ€mmelse mellan försöksresultaten och förutsĂ€gelserna av spridningen hos injekteringsmedel nĂ€r man tog hĂ€nsyn till den hydrauliska öppningen. Som jĂ€mföreslse gav förutsĂ€gelserna baserade pĂ„ den genomsnittliga fysiska öppningen (felaktigt) en betydligt snabbare spridning. Detta visar att anvĂ€ndning av den genomsnittliga fysiska öppningen inte alltid Ă€r lĂ€mpligt vid tillĂ€mpning av RTGC-teori. Beroende pĂ„ de geometriska förhĂ„llandena kan den hydrauliska öppningen ge en mer realistisk förutsĂ€gelse av spridningen hos injekteringsmedlet.QC 20171121</p

    An Experimental Study to Measure Grout Penetrability, Improve the Grout Spread, and Evaluate the Real Time Grouting Control Theory

    No full text
    Due to the significant influence of the grout penetrability properties on spread of grout in rock fractures, this study aimed to investigate the grout penetrability from four different aspects. In Part (a), after review of all the existing methodologies developed to measure the grout penetrability, Filter-pump and Penetrability-meter were examined against Short-slot to figure out which one is more reliable. The study decisively considered Short-slot more reliable. In part (b), the so-called varying aperture long slot (VALS), an artificial fracture with apertures of 230-10 ÎŒm, was developed to study the gout penetrability more realistically. In part (c), a low-frequency rectangular pressure impulse was introduced to improve the grout spread by successive erosion of the produced filter cakes in consecutive cycles. The results showed considerable improvement in experiments using Short-slot. The dissipation of the pressure impulses was then investigated using VALS with noticeable remaining amplitudes after 2.0-2.7 m. In part (d), VALS was once more introduced to examine RTGC theory in a fracture with variable aperture. The study showed a relatively satisfactory agreement between the experimental results and the predictions of the grout propagation using the hydraulic aperture, whereas the predictions using the mean physical aperture showed considerably faster spread.För att uppnĂ„ den tĂ€thet som krĂ€vs i undermarkskonstruktioner Ă€r det nödvĂ€ndigt att uppnĂ„ tillrĂ€cklig spridning av bruket vid injekteringen. Cementbaserade injekteringsmedel Ă€r vanligast inom injekteringsindustrin, eftersom det har flera fördelar, sĂ€rskilt frĂ„n ekonomisk och miljömĂ€ssig synvinkel. Eftersom intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan kan pĂ„verkas betydligt hos injekteringsmedel beroende pĂ„ vilket bruk man anvĂ€nder, Ă€r syftet med denna avhandling att studera: a) Vilka av de befintliga metoder som har utvecklats för att mĂ€ta intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel Ă€r tillförlitliga? b) Hur kan man mĂ€ta intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel mer realistiskt? c) Hur kan man förbĂ€ttra spridningen hos injekteringsmedel med hjĂ€lp av dynamiska tryckimpulser? och d) Kan Real Time Grouting Control (RTGC)-teorin anvĂ€ndas för att förutse spridningen hos injekteringsmedel i en artificiell spricka med varierande vidd? I del a) av studien genomfördes en undersökning av alla befintliga metoder som har utvecklats för att mĂ€ta intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel. DĂ€refter genomfördes en jĂ€mförelse mellan Filterpumpen, Filterpressen (d.v.s. tvĂ„ av de vanligaste metoderna i svensk injekteringsindustri) och metoden Kort spalt under sĂ„ lika provförhĂ„llanden som möjligt. Studien visade att Kort spalt Ă€r tillförlitligare pĂ„ grund av dess mer realistiska provförhĂ„llanden (d.v.s. geometrin, trycket och injekteringsvolymen) och Ă€r dĂ€rmed en bĂ€ttre utvĂ€rderingsmetod. I del b) utvecklades en sĂ„ kallad Varying Aperture Long Slot (VALS), en fyra meter lĂ„ng artificiell spricka med minskande spaltvidder (frĂ„n 230 till 10 ÎŒm), som Ă€r en mer realistisk metod för att studera intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan hos injekteringsmedel under statiska/dynamiska tryckförhĂ„llanden upp till 20 bar. I del c) anvĂ€ndes en lĂ„gfrekvent rektangulĂ€r tryckimpuls för att förbĂ€ttra spridningen hos injekteringsmedlet genom successiv erosion av filterkakor som har byggts vid förtrĂ€ngningar i konsekutiva cykler. Resultaten visade en förbĂ€ttring pĂ„ upp till 11 gĂ„nger mer volym i mĂ€tningar med Kort spalt med 30-43 ÎŒm breda spaltvidder. Sedan, spridningen av tryckimpulserna undersöktes lĂ€ngs VALS. Resultaten visade att de Ă„terstĂ„ende amplituderna av tryckimpulser kan vara sĂ„ stora som 46% respektive 25% av den applicerade amplituden 2,0 m respektive 2,7 m in i sprickan. I del d) anvĂ€ndes VALS igen för att undersöka om RTGC-teorin kan anvĂ€ndas för att bedöma spridningen av injekteringsmedel i en konstgjord spricka med variabel spaltvidd. Studien visade en förhĂ„llandevis tillfredsstĂ€llande överensstĂ€mmelse mellan försöksresultaten och förutsĂ€gelserna av spridningen hos injekteringsmedel nĂ€r man tog hĂ€nsyn till den hydrauliska öppningen. Som jĂ€mföreslse gav förutsĂ€gelserna baserade pĂ„ den genomsnittliga fysiska öppningen (felaktigt) en betydligt snabbare spridning. Detta visar att anvĂ€ndning av den genomsnittliga fysiska öppningen inte alltid Ă€r lĂ€mpligt vid tillĂ€mpning av RTGC-teori. Beroende pĂ„ de geometriska förhĂ„llandena kan den hydrauliska öppningen ge en mer realistisk förutsĂ€gelse av spridningen hos injekteringsmedlet.QC 20171121</p

    An Experimental Study to Measure And Improve the Grout Penetrability

    No full text
    An essential demand in any underground facility is to seal it against the water ingress to reduce the time and cost of the construction and the corresponding environmental hazards. To achieve this, obtaining sufficient grout spread is of great importance. Among the grouts, cement grouts with lower costs and environmental issues have been more reliable, whereas their main problem is filtration that restricts the grout spread. Several investigations have been therefore aimed to develop instruments to measure the grout penetrability as a fundamental means to improve the grout spread. Due to the difference in assumptions, limitations, and test conditions, and the deficiency in design their results are occasionally in contradiction. The question here is how to measure the grout penetrability more realistic? To answer this, two of the most frequently used instruments, Filter pump and Penetrability meter, were adjusted to approach the test conditions in Short slot. The results were discussed with respect to the origins of contradictions to better evaluate the reliability and functionality of the instruments. Among the influencing parameters on grout spread, applied pressure is a key element. The stepwise pressure increment is the method currently used to improve the grout spread in rock. Application of dynamic grouting has been studied as a solution to improve the grout spread for almost three decades. Despite some promising results, the method has not been yet industrialized due to the limited efficiency and issues in the type and frequency of the applied pressure, and the geometry of the test equipment. Therefore, finding a more efficient alternative of the applied pressure was the second goal of this study. A pneumatic pressure control system was consequently employed to examine the efficiency of the method in Short slot. The results conclusively revealed the effectiveness of the method and provided a strong basis for further development of the dynamic grouting.Ett viktigt krav nĂ€r man bygger under mark Ă€r att konstruktionen blir tillrĂ€ckligt tĂ€t, sĂ„ att inlĂ€ckage av grundvatten minimeras. Detta minskar bĂ„de projektkostnaden och eventuell miljöpĂ„verkan. För att skapa en tĂ€t konstruktion mĂ„ste injekteringsbruket spridas tillrĂ€ckligt i bergmassan. Kemiska injekteringsmedel har ofta bĂ€ttre spridning i bergmassan Ă€n cementbaserade bruk, men cementbaserade bruk Ă€r bĂ„de billigare och ger mindre miljöpĂ„verkan. Det finns dock en del problem med cementbaserade bruk, nĂ€mligen att cementpartiklarna filtreras och att brukets reologiska egenskaper begrĂ€nsar brukets utbredning. Ett antal studier har dĂ€rför utförts för att studera dessa egenskaper hos cementbaserade bruk och utveckla metoder och instrument för att mĂ€ta brukets intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„ga. Detta i syfte att förbĂ€ttra brukets utbredning. Dagens metoder och instrument ger nĂ€mligen ibland motsĂ€gelsefulla resultat pĂ„ grund av de olika antaganden, begrĂ€nsningar och förutsĂ€ttningar som anvĂ€nds i de olika testerna. HuvudfrĂ„gan Ă€r alltsĂ„ hur man kan mĂ€ta brukets intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„ga pĂ„ ett mer realistiskt sĂ€tt. För att undersöka detta modifierades tvĂ„ vanliga mĂ€tinstrument – filterpumpen och filterpressen – för att passa förhĂ„llandena i testanordningen Short slot. Resultaten diskuterades med avseende pĂ„ olika typer av skillnader mellan metoderna i syfte att utröna dels vad som pĂ„verkar intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan, dels instrumentens tillförlitlighet och funktionalitet. Bland de parametrar som pĂ„verkar brukets spridning i bergmassan har injekteringstrycket en central roll. I dagslĂ€get anvĂ€nds stegvis tryckökning för att förbĂ€ttra brukets spridning i sprickigt, hĂ„rt berg. Hur man kan anvĂ€nda dynamisk injektering för att förbĂ€ttra brukets spridning har dock undersökts under snart tre decennier. Trots lovande resultat av denna metod Ă€nnu inte börjat anvĂ€ndas i praktiken. Ett problem Ă€r svĂ„righeten att ta försök pĂ„ labb till fĂ€ltmĂ€ssiga förhĂ„llanden. Ett exempel Ă€r att man anvĂ€nde ett tryck som varierade med hög frekvens i en spricka som modellerades med tvĂ„ parallella skivor utan förtrĂ€ngningar, vilket Ă€r mycket annorlunda jĂ€mförelse med en riktig bergspricka. I modellen blir nĂ€mligen brukets spridning starkt beroende av brukets reologiska egenskaper, medan det snarare Ă€r filtrering som Ă€r problemet i en naturlig spricka pĂ„ grund av förtrĂ€ngningarna. Dessutom fokuserade tidigare studier endast pĂ„ sprickor med en sprickvidd större Ă€n 100 ÎŒm, trots att god spridning av bruket Ă€ven i de smala sprickorna med mindre Ă€n 70 ÎŒm bredd Ă€r mycket viktigt nĂ€r det Ă€r höga krav pĂ„ anlĂ€ggningens tĂ€thet. Ett annat mĂ„l med denna licentiatuppsats var dĂ€rför att hitta nya sĂ€tt att förbĂ€ttra brukets spridning i berget. DĂ€rför övervakades trycket med ett pneumatiskt kontrollsystem vid tester i Short slot för att studera hur effektiv denna metod Ă€r under mer realistiska förhĂ„llanden med förtrĂ€ngningar pĂ„ mindre Ă€n 70 ÎŒm. Resultaten visade att metoden Ă€r effektiv, vilket utgör en bra bas för att fortsĂ€tta utveckla dynamisk injektering.QC 20160413</p

    An Experimental Study to Measure And Improve the Grout Penetrability

    No full text
    An essential demand in any underground facility is to seal it against the water ingress to reduce the time and cost of the construction and the corresponding environmental hazards. To achieve this, obtaining sufficient grout spread is of great importance. Among the grouts, cement grouts with lower costs and environmental issues have been more reliable, whereas their main problem is filtration that restricts the grout spread. Several investigations have been therefore aimed to develop instruments to measure the grout penetrability as a fundamental means to improve the grout spread. Due to the difference in assumptions, limitations, and test conditions, and the deficiency in design their results are occasionally in contradiction. The question here is how to measure the grout penetrability more realistic? To answer this, two of the most frequently used instruments, Filter pump and Penetrability meter, were adjusted to approach the test conditions in Short slot. The results were discussed with respect to the origins of contradictions to better evaluate the reliability and functionality of the instruments. Among the influencing parameters on grout spread, applied pressure is a key element. The stepwise pressure increment is the method currently used to improve the grout spread in rock. Application of dynamic grouting has been studied as a solution to improve the grout spread for almost three decades. Despite some promising results, the method has not been yet industrialized due to the limited efficiency and issues in the type and frequency of the applied pressure, and the geometry of the test equipment. Therefore, finding a more efficient alternative of the applied pressure was the second goal of this study. A pneumatic pressure control system was consequently employed to examine the efficiency of the method in Short slot. The results conclusively revealed the effectiveness of the method and provided a strong basis for further development of the dynamic grouting.Ett viktigt krav nĂ€r man bygger under mark Ă€r att konstruktionen blir tillrĂ€ckligt tĂ€t, sĂ„ att inlĂ€ckage av grundvatten minimeras. Detta minskar bĂ„de projektkostnaden och eventuell miljöpĂ„verkan. För att skapa en tĂ€t konstruktion mĂ„ste injekteringsbruket spridas tillrĂ€ckligt i bergmassan. Kemiska injekteringsmedel har ofta bĂ€ttre spridning i bergmassan Ă€n cementbaserade bruk, men cementbaserade bruk Ă€r bĂ„de billigare och ger mindre miljöpĂ„verkan. Det finns dock en del problem med cementbaserade bruk, nĂ€mligen att cementpartiklarna filtreras och att brukets reologiska egenskaper begrĂ€nsar brukets utbredning. Ett antal studier har dĂ€rför utförts för att studera dessa egenskaper hos cementbaserade bruk och utveckla metoder och instrument för att mĂ€ta brukets intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„ga. Detta i syfte att förbĂ€ttra brukets utbredning. Dagens metoder och instrument ger nĂ€mligen ibland motsĂ€gelsefulla resultat pĂ„ grund av de olika antaganden, begrĂ€nsningar och förutsĂ€ttningar som anvĂ€nds i de olika testerna. HuvudfrĂ„gan Ă€r alltsĂ„ hur man kan mĂ€ta brukets intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„ga pĂ„ ett mer realistiskt sĂ€tt. För att undersöka detta modifierades tvĂ„ vanliga mĂ€tinstrument – filterpumpen och filterpressen – för att passa förhĂ„llandena i testanordningen Short slot. Resultaten diskuterades med avseende pĂ„ olika typer av skillnader mellan metoderna i syfte att utröna dels vad som pĂ„verkar intrĂ€ngningsförmĂ„gan, dels instrumentens tillförlitlighet och funktionalitet. Bland de parametrar som pĂ„verkar brukets spridning i bergmassan har injekteringstrycket en central roll. I dagslĂ€get anvĂ€nds stegvis tryckökning för att förbĂ€ttra brukets spridning i sprickigt, hĂ„rt berg. Hur man kan anvĂ€nda dynamisk injektering för att förbĂ€ttra brukets spridning har dock undersökts under snart tre decennier. Trots lovande resultat av denna metod Ă€nnu inte börjat anvĂ€ndas i praktiken. Ett problem Ă€r svĂ„righeten att ta försök pĂ„ labb till fĂ€ltmĂ€ssiga förhĂ„llanden. Ett exempel Ă€r att man anvĂ€nde ett tryck som varierade med hög frekvens i en spricka som modellerades med tvĂ„ parallella skivor utan förtrĂ€ngningar, vilket Ă€r mycket annorlunda jĂ€mförelse med en riktig bergspricka. I modellen blir nĂ€mligen brukets spridning starkt beroende av brukets reologiska egenskaper, medan det snarare Ă€r filtrering som Ă€r problemet i en naturlig spricka pĂ„ grund av förtrĂ€ngningarna. Dessutom fokuserade tidigare studier endast pĂ„ sprickor med en sprickvidd större Ă€n 100 ÎŒm, trots att god spridning av bruket Ă€ven i de smala sprickorna med mindre Ă€n 70 ÎŒm bredd Ă€r mycket viktigt nĂ€r det Ă€r höga krav pĂ„ anlĂ€ggningens tĂ€thet. Ett annat mĂ„l med denna licentiatuppsats var dĂ€rför att hitta nya sĂ€tt att förbĂ€ttra brukets spridning i berget. DĂ€rför övervakades trycket med ett pneumatiskt kontrollsystem vid tester i Short slot för att studera hur effektiv denna metod Ă€r under mer realistiska förhĂ„llanden med förtrĂ€ngningar pĂ„ mindre Ă€n 70 ÎŒm. Resultaten visade att metoden Ă€r effektiv, vilket utgör en bra bas för att fortsĂ€tta utveckla dynamisk injektering.QC 20160413</p

    Effekten av varierande tryck pÄ intrÀngningsförmÄgan hos injekteringsbruk. En experimentell studie

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    In order to increase the sealing efficiency in rock grouting, the fractures should be entirely grouted while the filtration of cement particles is an obstacle. By reducing the filtration, penetrability of grout will be increased resulting in a more reliable grouting. Some of the advantages of controlling filtration are decreas in time, costs and the environmental impacts of the projects. Increase in the safety margins of the projects during both the construction and the operation are also among the benefits of regulating the filtration. Use of variable pressure for improving grout penetrability has been studied in both the lab and the field over the years. The focus of the previous investigations was mainly on application of high frequency oscillating pressure using artificial parallel plates without constrictions with openning sizes larger than 100 ÎŒm. The mechanism of improvement of grout penetrability was interpreted as reduction in viscosity due to the oscillation in all those studies. The missing parts of the resulted knowledge are the influences of different shapes of the variable pressure and the effects of low frequencies i.e. longer cycle periods to penetrate through micro fractures smaller than 100 ÎŒm with constrictions. Moreover, other mechanisms of improvement of grout penetrability might also be more efficient than reduction in viscosity due to the oscillation. The focus of this study is therefore to investigat the influence of low frequency instantaneous variable pressure with different peak and rest periods on regulating the filtration. A pneumatic pressure control system has been thus employed using parallel plates with constrictions of 43 and 30 ÎŒm. The proposed mechanism of action was change of flow pattern due to the change in pressure and the corresponding velocity. Comparison of results of the variable and the constant pressures revealed the great impact of the examined variable pressure on improving grout penetrability.QC 20171218</p

    Numerical, Experimental and Analytical Studies on Fluid Flow through a Marsh Funnel

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    This paper presents the application of computational fluid dynamics technique in civil and underground industries to evaluate fluid behaviour in a Marsh funnel. The numerical approach, based on computational fluid dynamics, simulated an incompressible two-phase Newtonian flow by means of the Volume-of-Fluid method. A complementary analytical proposed which provided a quick, field-ready method to assess the fluid field in the Marsh funnel. A supplemental experimental effort evaluated the results obtained from both the analytical calculation and numerical simulation. Results showed that the application of computational fluid dynamics technique gives the desired results in studying fluid flows in civil and underground industries. Proposed analytical solution is also capable of accurately predicting the fluid flow and thus can complement the experimental and numerical approaches. Further, the proposed analytical approach can be an alternative method for faster evaluation of fluid, although it needs to be calibrated with either the numerical or the experimental studies.QC 20171117</p

    A case report of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and its surgical repair

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    This article aim is to introduce a case of PAPVC (partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection). The patient was a 25-year-old women who had dyspnea and palpitation. She expressed no special disease, no past medical history, and no drug usage, but her brother and her aunt had the above-mentioned history. In the physical examination, lungs were clear and the heart had S2 splitting, and there was a systolic murmur in the pulmonary area. Her liver could be palpitated two centimeters below the costal edge, but she didn&apos;t have any hepatomegaly. In cardiac catheterism, she had PAPVC, atrial septal defect (ASD), and mitral valve prolapse (MVP). The patient underwent operation had left pulmonary vein was separated from the superior vena cava and anastomosed to the left atrial auricle. By means of the pericardial patch, the left atrium became enlarged and ASD was closed. She was in a good condition after surgery and left the hospital without any complication with a good condition and recovery and had no problem any longer
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