Advanced Speed Control Methods for Induction Motor : An analysis

34-39Induction motors are widely used in a wide range of industrial and domestic applications. Induction motors are a common option compared to other motors because of their low maintenance requirements, robustness, and low cost. With advancements in power electronics and speed control technology, it is now possible to precisely control the speed of an induction motor for particular industrial applications. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of advanced 3-phase induction motor speed control techniques such as direct/indirect vector control, direct torque and flux control, adaptive and optimal control, and intelligent control. Hopefully, all of the main takeaways from this analysis will spur further research and development of advanced switching techniques and controllers for future induction motor drives. The authors are confident that this survey article would be extremely useful to researchers in locating important references in speed control 3-phase induction motors

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Not AvailableSalinity of land and water is one of the major constraints in agricultural crop production especially for wheat in India. Genetically variable base population along with reliable screening technique is prerequisite for developing high yielding and salt tolerant wheat cultivar. The present study was undertaken in partially reclaimed sodic field as well as micro-plots to estimate genetic variability, trait association and identification of key traits for salt tolerance coupled with high yield in wheat. Fifty elite wheat germplasm lines obtained from CIMMYT’s 19th SAWYT trial were used in the study. Highly significant variation for various traits signifies that genotypes can be improved through breeding and selection. Eight superior genotypes were identified having yield advantage of 5 to 13 per cent compared with check KRL 210 coupled with good amount of salt tolerance. Biomass had significant relationship with yield while test weight was associated with salinity tolerance. Cluster analysis could able to classify genotypes in three clusters based on observed traits. Principal component analysis could able to resolve four PCs explaining 85.87% of total variance in the data. Days to 50% heading, biomass and tolerance score were identified as key traits causing variation among genotypes.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA well-focused approach combining the physiological and biochemical aspects of stress tolerance is essential to evaluate the drastic effects of salinity and drought. This strategy involves comparative investigation of various morphological, physiological, biochemical responses together with ionic relationship at vegetative stage under salt stress coupled with drought. Two salt-tolerant (CSR 10 and CSR 36) and two susceptible (IR 29 and Pusa 44) varieties of rice were subjected to salt stress coupled with drought stress conditions. Results showed significant decline in growth, chlorophyll content, number of tillers, productive tillers, biomass and yield in sensitive varieties, while tolerant varieties were less affected due to stress conditions. Total soluble sugars, proline and protein content increased with inclined stress in all the varieties, which showed osmotic adjustment in terms of accumulation of compatible solutes. The varieties CSR 10 and CSR 36 accumulated less Na+ ion in leaves under stress. Under combined stresses, the highest value of K+/Na+ ratio was recorded in CSR 36, whereas, lowest in IR 29. In comparison with control treatment, at 100mM NaCl along with 25% water deficit (WD) and 50% WD, highest reduction in grain yield was shown by IR 29 (96.6%) followed by Pusa 44 (80.64% and 98.6%), CSR 36 (44.86% and 52.7%) and CSR 10 (21.0% and 28.3%). Study concluded that growth parameters, physiological and biochemical traits had a significant varietal variation, indicating that these parameters could be used as screening criteria for selecting the tolerant and sensitive cultivars exposed to water limiting stresses (salinity and drought).Not Availabl

Winter Tolerance Potential of Genetically Diverse Sugarcane Clones under Subtropical Climate of Northern India

The low temperature (LT) conditions that prevail during winter in subtropical regions of India drastically affect the growth and yield of sugarcane. To identify low-temperature-tolerant agronomical acceptable genotypes for immediate deployment as donor parents in the subtropical sugarcane breeding program, 34 sugarcane clones belonging to 7 genetically diverse groups were evaluated under three crop environments, viz., spring planting, winter ratoon and spring ratoon, during 2015–2016 and 2016–2017. In the winter ratoon crop, commercial cane sugar and cane yield were reduced, whereas sucrose % was increased over the spring planted crop and the spring ratoon crop. The wild species and introgressed hybrid groups showed improvement for yield and quality traits in the winter ratoon crop, whereas commercial and near commercial groups showed reduction for these traits over the plant and spring ratoon crops. The tropical cultivars group was the poorest performer irrespective of the traits and crops. Yield per se under a stress environment was adjudged as the best selection criteria. For classification of sugarcane clones according to their low temperature tolerance, an index named winter tolerance index (WTI) is proposed which takes into account the winter sprouting index (WSI), winter growth and yield per se of the winter ratoon crop. The WTI had significant positive association with WSI, cane yield, millable cane population and cane length. As per the WTI ratings, the wild species of Saccharum complex and introgressed hybrid groups were rated as excellent WT clones. Subtropical commercial or advanced generation groups were poor WT clones, and tropical commercial cultivars group were winter sensitive clones. Clones such as AS04-635, AS04-1687, IK76-48, GU07-2276, IND00-1040, IND00-1038 and IND00-1039 had excellent tolerance, and GU07-3849, AS04-245, Co 0238, AS04-2097 and GU07-3774 had good WTI scores. The variety, Co 0238, may be continued for cultivation under LT regions with prophylactic measurers for red rot, while other clones listed above may be utilized in subtropical breeding programs

Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of Lr24 and Lr68 in salt tolerant wheat genotypes

In this study, we developed and optimized a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for simultaneous detection of two important leaf rust resistance genes Lr24 and Lr68. Seedling resistance gene Lr24 and slow rusting gene Lr68 encoding resistance to leaf rust were identified in forty-one advanced salt-tolerant wheat genotypes using molecular markers viz. Sr24#50 and csGS, respectively. For re-validation of PCR reaction results, a seedling resistance test (SRT) was performed in controlled glasshouse conditions. Genotypes were evaluated under epiphytotic conditions for SRT by artificial inoculation with a spectrum of Puccinia triticina pathotypes. Results of SRT were supplemented by PCR results, indicated that the gene Lr24/Sr24 conferred leaf rust resistance in two wheat genotypes namely HD 2851 and KRL2029. In advanced line KRL2029, along with Lr24/Sr24 other rust resistance genes (Lr26/Sr31/ Yr9) were also present. Molecular marker csGS for a known slow rusting gene Lr68 was amplified in fifteen salt-tolerant wheat genotypes indicated the presence of Lr68 in these lines. These lines could also be utilized as donors for slow rusting characteristics. Combination of both the genes could provide resistance to leaf rust and stem rust. Presences of respective genes in salt-tolerant lines were confirmed by SRT as well as molecular markers separately and multiplex PCR assay was designed. Multiplex PCR method allowed to reduce the cost and time of analyses as well as reducing the workload

Identification of Salinity Tolerant Stable Sugarcane Cultivars Using AMMI, GGE and Some Other Stability Parameters under Multi Environments of Salinity Stress

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), as well as various AMMI-derived statistics, Genotype, and Genotype × Environment Interaction (GGE) models were employed on 24 sugarcane genotypes planted during two seasons (2017–18, 2018–19) under different induced salinity stress environments using saline water irrigation (iw) viz., E1 (Normal iw during crop season 2017–18), E2 (Normal iw during crop season 2018–19), E3 (4 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2017–18), E4 (4 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2018–19), E5 (8 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2017–18), E6 (8 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2018–19), E7 (12 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2017–18) and E8 (12 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2018–19) to assess the genotype by the environment interaction for the cane yield, commercial cane sugar (CCS) yield, number of millable cane (NMC), single cane weight (SCW), and pol % in juice. Individual and interactive effects of the genotype and environment for all the traits were significant. In the expression of total variability, the environmental contribution was higher for the cane yield (66.98%), CCS yield (67.60%), NMC (65.78%), and SCW (43.27%), whereas genotypic contribution was higher in the expression of pol% (82.48%). As per AMMI Stability Value (ASV), G14 (Co 13033), G23 (Co 15026), G7 (Co 05009), G17 (Co 13036), and G2 (Co 15025) were the most stable genotypes for the cane yield. Whereas as per GSI (genotype selection index), genotypes G24 (Co 15027), G21 (Co 15023), G23 (Co 15026), and G17 (Co 13036) were found most stable. The Sustainability Index (SI) of the cane yield (CY) and its contributing and CY-based computed traits were low for most of the genotypes, which indicates the negative impact of increased levels of irrigation-induced salinity in the expression of these traits. In the mean vs stability biplot analysis, G21 (Co 15023), G24 (Co 15027), G16 (Co 13036), G6 (Co 0238), and G20 (Co 14036) were found to be highly productive and stable genotypes for the cane yield. The superior and stable performance of early maturing notified varieties G21 (Co 15023) and G6 (Co 0238) for CY and CCS yield indicates that they will help the farmers to obtain sustainable income in saline soil conditions

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The present study was conducted to assess the effect of water deficit coupled with salt stress on physiological traits and stress tolerance mechanisms of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salt tolerance. Two salt tolerant (CSR 10 and CSR 36) and two salt sensitive (IR 29 and Pusa 44) rice varieties were evaluated in different combinations of controlled water deficit coupled with salt stress conditions. The salt tolerant variety CSR 10 has shown the best morphological or phenological growth performance; while IR 29 performed the worst in terms of reduction in growth at 25 and 50% water deficit. At 50 and 100 mM NaCl along with 50% water deficit, 80% plants of IR 29 could not survive. Variety CSR 10 exhibited maintenance of higher total chlorophyll concentration (ChlT), relative water content (RWC), gas exchange characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes with lower membrane injury (MI) and thus ultimately showed better stress tolerance than other varieties

Differential Physiological Traits, Ion Homeostasis and Cane Yield of Sub-Tropical Sugarcane Varieties in Response to Long-Term Salinity Stress

Sugarcane grown under a wide range of agro-climatic conditions accounts for ~80% of the sugar production worldwide. Since sugarcane productivity is severely affected by abiotic stresses and hence, an experiment was conducted for two consecutive years during 2020 and 2021 on popular sub-tropical sugarcane varieties. The experiment was laid out in two-factorial RBD consisting of nine sugarcane genotypes (Co 98014, Co 0118, Co 0238, Co 05011, Co 06034, Co 09022, Co 12029, Co 15023 and Co 15027) and salinity treatments (Control, ECiw ~ 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1) in 5 replications. Two budded setts were planted in pots and irrigated with saline water of respective levels till formative phase and observed the build-up in electrical conductivity of soil extract (ECse) from 0.48 (control) to 2.99, 4.81 and 7.08; while further saline irrigation increased the ECse values to 4.48, 6.24 and 9.33 dS m−1 in treatments ECiw ~ 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1, respectively. Increase in soil EC decreased plant survival by 24.1, 47.0 and 79.6% under continued irrigation of ECiw ~ 4, 8, 12 dS m−1 with respect to control. Continued saline irrigation caused significant reduction in growth, which was associated with reduction in relative water content (RWC) and gas exchange traits. RWC decreased by 4.91 to 21.9%, chlorophyll content by 8.46 to 32.75%, photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 16.85 to 91.44%, stomatal conductance by 14.96 to 84.25%, transpiration rate by 14.13% to 89.8% and chlorophyll fluorescence by 5.33 to 42.67% from ECiw ~ 4 to 12 dS m−1, respectively. Significant variations in Na+ and K+ ion content was observed under elevated saline condition in roots, leaves and juice extract of genotypes. Na+/K+ ratio, an important trait for screening salinity tolerance, increased in all genotypes as compared to control, the increase was predominant in susceptible varieties. Single cane weight (SCW) was drastically affected by saline irrigation, with a reduction of 36.4, 68.5 and 83.5% at ECiw ~ 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1, respectively as compared to control, with similar declining trend in juice quality. Based on our results, Co 0238, Co 0118 and Co 98014 were tolerant to salinity stress by maintaining higher Pn, lower leaf Na+/K+ ratio, higher SCW and higher juice sucrose content

Differential Physiological Traits, Ion Homeostasis and Cane Yield of Sub-Tropical Sugarcane Varieties in Response to Long-Term Salinity Stress

Sugarcane grown under a wide range of agro-climatic conditions accounts for ~80% of the sugar production worldwide. Since sugarcane productivity is severely affected by abiotic stresses and hence, an experiment was conducted for two consecutive years during 2020 and 2021 on popular sub-tropical sugarcane varieties. The experiment was laid out in two-factorial RBD consisting of nine sugarcane genotypes (Co 98014, Co 0118, Co 0238, Co 05011, Co 06034, Co 09022, Co 12029, Co 15023 and Co 15027) and salinity treatments (Control, ECiw ~ 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1) in 5 replications. Two budded setts were planted in pots and irrigated with saline water of respective levels till formative phase and observed the build-up in electrical conductivity of soil extract (ECse) from 0.48 (control) to 2.99, 4.81 and 7.08; while further saline irrigation increased the ECse values to 4.48, 6.24 and 9.33 dS m−1 in treatments ECiw ~ 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1, respectively. Increase in soil EC decreased plant survival by 24.1, 47.0 and 79.6% under continued irrigation of ECiw ~ 4, 8, 12 dS m−1 with respect to control. Continued saline irrigation caused significant reduction in growth, which was associated with reduction in relative water content (RWC) and gas exchange traits. RWC decreased by 4.91 to 21.9%, chlorophyll content by 8.46 to 32.75%, photosynthetic rate (Pn) by 16.85 to 91.44%, stomatal conductance by 14.96 to 84.25%, transpiration rate by 14.13% to 89.8% and chlorophyll fluorescence by 5.33 to 42.67% from ECiw ~ 4 to 12 dS m−1, respectively. Significant variations in Na+ and K+ ion content was observed under elevated saline condition in roots, leaves and juice extract of genotypes. Na+/K+ ratio, an important trait for screening salinity tolerance, increased in all genotypes as compared to control, the increase was predominant in susceptible varieties. Single cane weight (SCW) was drastically affected by saline irrigation, with a reduction of 36.4, 68.5 and 83.5% at ECiw ~ 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1, respectively as compared to control, with similar declining trend in juice quality. Based on our results, Co 0238, Co 0118 and Co 98014 were tolerant to salinity stress by maintaining higher Pn, lower leaf Na+/K+ ratio, higher SCW and higher juice sucrose content

Number of tillers in wheat is an easily measurable index of genotype tolerance to saline waterlogged soils: Evidence from 10 large-scale field trials in India

© 2018 CSIRO. Over 100 wheat varieties and breeding lines from India and Australia were screened in alkaline and waterlogged soils in 10 environments over two years at one drained location and two naturally waterlogged locations in India. Mean trial grain yield was reduced up to 70% in the environments where genotypes were waterlogged for up to 15 days at the vegetative stage in alkaline soil relative to plants in drained soils. Agronomic traits (plant height, tiller number, 1000-grain weight) of genotypes were also reduced under waterlogging. At one waterlogged site, up to 68% of the genetic diversity for predicted grain yields under waterlogging could be accounted for by number of tillers (r2= 0.41-0.68 in 2011 and 2010, respectively) and positive correlations also occurred at the second site (r2= 0.19-0.35). However, there was no correlation between grain yields across varieties under waterlogging in any trials at the two waterlogged locations. This may have occurred because waterlogged sites differed up to 4-fold in soil salinity. When salinity was accounted for, there was a good correlation across all environments (r 2 = 0.73). A physiological basis for the relationship between tillering and waterlogging tolerance is proposed, associated with crown root development. Results are compared with findings in Australia in acidic soils, and they highlight major opportunities for wheat improvement by selection for numbers of tillers when crops are waterlogged during vegetative growth