DEVELOPMENT OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SP. LYCOPERSICI (FOL) AND FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F.SP. RADICIS LYCOPERSICI (FORL) RESISTANT TOMATO LINES WITH THE AID OF MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION

Molecular markers have extensively been used along with the classical methods in tomato breeding. Many molecular markers developed for the resistance to biotic stresses, especially the ones controlled by a single gene or major Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). The objective of this study was to present potential use of the molecular markers to develop resistant lines against Fusarium spp. Hence, the molecular markers, linked to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici (FOL) and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) were tested for FOL I-2, and I-3 genes for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici, and FORL Frl gene for Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici. At the end of the breeding program I-2, I-3, and Frl genes were pyramided at the same tomato lines. Results showed that these markers can aid development of tomato lines resistant against multiple races of Fusarium spp in a MAS program

Response of tomato rootstocks with the Mi resistance gene to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 at different soil temperatures

Rootstocks have been effective against many soil-borne pathogens in protected tomato production. Rootstocks with heat-stable root-knot nematode resistance may prolong the production season since the rootknot nematode resistance gene Mi-1.2 irreversibly breaks down at soil temperatures above 28°C. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil temperature on root-knot nematode resistance conferred by two genes of tomato, using some commercial tomato cultivars, rootstocks, and PI lines. The response of these genes against Meloidogyne incognita race 2 was studied in two commonly used rootstock cv. Beaufort and Vigomax, in tomato cultivars Astona RN F1 and Simita F1, and in Solanum lycopersicum L. accessions PI126443 and PI270435, known to possess heat-stable nematode resistance, at 24°C and 32°C under controlled conditions. Each plant was inoculated with 1000 M. incognita race 2 second-stage juveniles (J2s) and its response wasevaluated 8 weeks post inoculation. The presence of the Mi-1.2 gene was determined with molecular markers. Astona RN F1, Vigomax, Beaufort, PI126443 and PI 270435 which carried the Mi-1.2 gene were resistant to Meloidogyne incognita race 2 at 24°C. The egg masses and J2s were significantly fewer in these lines than in the susceptible Simita F1 at 24°C, and there were no significant differences among resistant plants. In contrast, there were significant differences in the galling index among heat-stable sources and plants containing the Mi-1.2 gene. Simita F1, Astona RN F1 and the rootstocks had a susceptible reaction to M. incognita race 2 at 32°C, but PI 126443 and PI 270435 were resistant. However, at this temperature there were significant differences in the number of juveniles in the soil, the egg mass and the galling index between the heat-stable and the heat-unstable plants

Dicamba Resistance: Enlarging and Preserving Biotechnology-Based Weed Management Strategies

The advent of biotechnology-derived, herbicide-resistant crops has revolutionized farming practices in many countries. Facile, highly effective, environmentally sound, and profitable weed control methods have been rapidly adopted by crop producers who value the benefits associated with biotechnology-derived weed management traits. But a rapid rise in the populations of several troublesome weeds that are tolerant or resistant to herbicides currently used in conjunction with herbicide-resistant crops may signify that the useful lifetime of these economically important weed management traits will be cut short. We describe the development of soybean and other broadleaf plant species resistant to dicamba, a widely used, inexpensive, and environmentally safe herbicide. The dicamba resistance technology will augment current herbicide resistance technologies and extend their effective lifetime. Attributes of both nuclear- and chloroplast- encoded dicamba resistance genes that affect the potency and expected durability of the herbicide resistance trait are examined

Dicamba Resistance: Enlarging and Preserving Biotechnology-Based Weed Management Strategies

The advent of biotechnology-derived, herbicide-resistant crops has revolutionized farming practices in many countries. Facile, highly effective, environmentally sound, and profitable weed control methods have been rapidly adopted by crop producers who value the benefits associated with biotechnology-derived weed management traits. But a rapid rise in the populations of several troublesome weeds that are tolerant or resistant to herbicides currently used in conjunction with herbicide-resistant crops may signify that the useful lifetime of these economically important weed management traits will be cut short. We describe the development of soybean and other broadleaf plant species resistant to dicamba, a widely used, inexpensive, and environmentally safe herbicide. The dicamba resistance technology will augment current herbicide resistance technologies and extend their effective lifetime. Attributes of both nuclear- and chloroplast- encoded dicamba resistance genes that affect the potency and expected durability of the herbicide resistance trait are examined

Enhancing soybean photosynthetic CO2 assimilation using a cyanobacterial membrane protein, ictB

Abstract Soybean C3 photosynthesis can suffer a severe loss in efficiency due to photorespiration and the lack of a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) such as those present in other plant species or cyanobacteria. Transgenic soybean (Glycine max cv. Thorne) plants constitutively expressing cyanobacterial ictB (inorganic carbon transporter B) gene were generated using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Although more recent data suggest that ictB does not actively transport HCO3-/CO2, there is nevertheless mounting evidence that transformation with this gene can increase higher plant photosynthesis. The hypothesis that expression of the ictB gene would improve photosynthesis, biomass production and seed yield in soybean was tested, in two independent replicated greenhouse and field trials. Results showed significant increases in photosynthetic CO2 uptake (Anet) and dry mass in transgenic relative to wild type (WT) control plants in both the greenhouse and field trials. Transgenic plants also showed increased photosynthetic rates and biomass production during a drought mimic study. The findings presented herein demonstrate that ictB, as a single-gene, contributes to enhancement in various yield parameters in a major commodity crop and point to the significant role that biotechnological approaches to increasing photosynthetic efficiency can play in helping to meet increased global demands for food

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Cloning, mapping, and breeding for disease resistance in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Resistance genes containing nucleotide binding site (NBS)-leucine rich repeats (LRR) are the most prevalent types of resistance (R) genes in plants. Kinase-1a domain, in NBS region, is conserved in a few superfamilies, including all NBS-LRR type plant resistance genes. The objectives of this study were: to clone and map members of the kinase-1a gene family, to develop PCR based R-gene specific markers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L), and transfer the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli , from exotic germplasm XAN-159 to two commercial varieties, pinto ‘Chase’ and great northern (GN) ‘Weihing’. Degenerate primers were used from the most common peptide sequences of kinase-1a and hydrophobic domains (HD) of known NBS-LRR type R genes and EST database. Kinase-1a genes amplified from a cDNA bulk, cloned and mapped via restriction length polymorphism (RFLP). Twenty degenerate primers were used to screen parents BAT 93 and Jalo EEP558 for RGA mapping. Twenty-six kinase-1a gene through RFLP and 32 RGA via PCR were mapped in the common bean recombinant inbred (RI) population BAT93 x Jalo EEP558 where 68 and 72 lines were used, respectively. No kinase-1a gene mapped on linkage group B8 or B10, and no RGA mapped on B4. The linkages to known resistance genes or QTL and important agronomic traits were shown with both kinase-1a and RGA markers. The total of 58 new markers are expected to aid marker assisted selection and future gene cloning studies in common bean. CBB resistance was confirmed, both with greenhouse screening and under natural infection in the field, in advanced BC5 lines for pinto ‘Chase’ and BC3F2 plants for GN ‘Weihing’. The linkage to V locus that is associated with small seed size and black seed coat color was broken in some BC4 and BC5 pinto ‘Chase’ lines where high resistance to CBB was combined with acceptable seed size and pinto seed coat color

DETERMINATION OF VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND FLOWER EFFECT OF TRANSGENIC \u3ci\u3eNICOTIANA TABACUM\u3c/i\u3e

Species and varieties in the Nicotiana genus may respond differently to photoperiodism in terms of flowering time control. These are classified as short day, neutral day and long day plants. One of these, Nicotiana tabacum cv. The Xanthi nc is a genotype which can flowering on a long day. But the genotype Kanamycin resistance can open its flowers in January when the resistance gene is transferred to the plant. On the other hand, the effect of rootstock to scion in plant species is very important. One of the issues raised is whether the transgenic plant in the rootstock is effect of transgen. In this study, it was aimed to determine whether flowering of the plants carrying transgenic plants are effective for flowering. In the study, control was grown without grafting, transgenic and control plants were reciprocally grafted and flowering time and plant development was recorded. According to the findings obtained, no effect of reciprocally grafted was observed in terms of flowering and plant development. However, it has come to the conclusion that it need detailed study to understand whether signal goes from rootstock to scion

Resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) markers co-localize with disease resistance genes and QTL in common bean

Resistance (R) genes containing nucleotide-binding site (NBS)-leucine rich repeats (LRR) are the most prevalent types of R gene in plants. The objective of this study was to develop PCR-based R-gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) markers for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Twenty degenerate primers were designed from the conserved kinase-1a (GVGKTT) and hydrophobic domains (GLPLAL) of known NBSLRR type R-genes and from EST databases. Sixty-six of the 100 primer combinations tested yielded polymorphism. Thirty-two RGAP markers were mapped in the BAT 93/Jalo EEP558 core mapping population for common bean. The markers mapped to 10 of 11 linkage groups with a strong tendency for clustering. In addition, the RGAP markers co-located, on six linkage groups, with 15 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) that were previously mapped in other populations of common bean. The distance between the priming sites in NBS-LRR type R-genes is around 500 bp. Of the 32 RGAP markers, 19 had sizes larger and 13 less than 500 bp. RGAP markers mapped close to known R-genes on B11, and to QTLs for resistance on B1, B2, B6, B7, B8, B10, and B11. RGAP appears to provide a useful marker technique for tagging and mapping R-genes in segregating common bean populations, discovery of candidate genes underlying resistance QTL, and future cloning of R-genes in common bean