Development of a test method to measure in-use emissions from stationary and portable diesel sources

A cost-effective, accurate and easy-to-use in-field test method was developed that would allow regulatory bodies, such as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to determine in-use compliance with emission standards for newly manufactured portable and stationary engines. As emissions measured during an engine-dynamometer test do not faithfully reflect real-world emissions, a test method that functions like an Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) type test method was developed. Only concentration measurements of pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen (NO x) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are required to determine compliance using this compliance factor, F approach. Hence, errors introduced due to engine work output measurement and exhaust flow rate measurement are avoided.;A compliance factor F, defined as the ratio of in-use concentrations NOx and CO2 to the manufacturer reported brake specific emissions of NOx and CO2 was developed and its application is illustrated in multiple ISO 8178 tests on mechanically and electronically controlled engines. Raw exhaust emissions were measured using a Mobile Emission Measurement System (MEMS) and a Method 5 system, and correlated with the constant volume sampling (CVS) measurements that were performed in accordance with the regulatory requirements. It was determined that the front-half of the Method 5 particulate matter (PM) measurement methodology is in good agreement with the CVS system. Further, a modified Method 5 sampling train comprising of a multi-hole sampling probe that spans the diameter of the exhaust stack, and a sample transfer tube maintained at ambient temperature could be a likely configuration for measuring PM from stationary and portable diesel engines operating in the field

Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid

Sebaceous gland carcinoma of the eyelid is a very rare, slow growing tumor arising from the meibomian glands. In contrast to squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma which arise frequently from the lower lid, sebaceous carcinoma arises from the upper lid where meibomian glands are more numerous. We present a case of sebaceous carcinoma in an elderly lady who presented with a slow growing tumor in the lateral third of the lower lid, without any lymp node metastasis. The tumor was treated by wide excision and the eyelid was reconstructed by Tenzel semilunar flap

Role of Outreach Camps in Reducing the Burden of Cataracts in South India

Aim: To establish the efficacy of rural outreach programme in reducing blindness caused by cataract by comparative analysis of visual outcome. Materials and Methods: Records of patients attending outreach camps conducted during 10 years i.e., 2001-02 to 2010-11 were studied. The total number of patients attending the camp and those who were detected to have visually significant cataract were noted. Similarly, the number of patients attending the outpatient department of the department of Ophthalmology and the number detected with visually significant cataract were noted. Data was tabulated and analyzed. Result: Out of 1, 16,615 patients visiting the outpatient department during those ten years, 3,014 were detected to have cataract (2.58%). 744 camps were conducted during the period of ten years, screening 60,086 patients and 6711 (11.17%) of them were detected to have cataract and were operated. These results were statistically significant. Conclusions: High numbers of cataracts were detected in the rural parts of South India with the help of outreach camps, while compared to tertiary care centres. They were given treatment in the form of cataract extraction and implantation of intraocular lens. Hence, conducting outreach camps forms an integral part in decreasing the visual morbidity due to cataract

Reductions in insulin resistance are mediated primarily via weight loss in subjects with type 2 diabetes on semaglutide

Context Semaglutide, a once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 analog approved for use in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), demonstrated superior body weight (BW) reductions and decreased insulin resistance (IR) vs comparators across the Semaglutide Unabated Sustainability in Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN) 1–3 clinical trials. Objective To investigate the relationship between IR and BW across the SUSTAIN 1–3 trials. Design Post hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN 1–3 trials. Setting Three hundred and eleven sites in 30 countries. Patients or other participants 2432 subjects with T2D. Interventions Semaglutide 0.5 or 1.0 mg, placebo or active comparator (sitagliptin 100 mg, exenatide extended release 2.0 mg). Main Outcome Measure To assess the extent of the effect on IR that is mediated (indirect effect) and not mediated (direct effect) by the effect on BW. Results Across SUSTAIN 1–3, mean BW was significantly reduced with semaglutide 0.5 mg (3.7 kg to 4.3 kg; P < 0.0001) and semaglutide 1.0 mg (4.5 kg to 6.1 kg; P < 0.0001) vs comparators (1.0 kg to 1.9 kg). There were greater reductions in IR with semaglutide 0.5 mg (27% to 36%) and semaglutide 1.0 mg (32% to 46%) vs comparators (17% to 28%). Greater reductions in BW were generally associated with greater decreases in IR. The effect on IR was primarily mediated by weight loss (70% to 80% and 34% to 94%, for semaglutide 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg, respectively, vs comparator). Conclusions Semaglutide consistently reduced BW and IR in subjects with T2D in SUSTAIN 1–3. In this analysis, IR improvement was positively associated with, and primarily mediated by, the effect of semaglutide on BW.Novo Nordisk A/S5.399 JCR (2019) Q1, 21/143 Endocrinology & Metabolism2.478 SJR (2019) Q1, 33/467 BiochemistryNo data IDR 2019UE