A knowledge based decision support system for tool changeover in CNCs

This paper describes an application of an adaptive planning system for automatic tool changers in flexible manufacturing systems. The conventional models of predictive control usually cannot adapt to a real time dynamic environment. The proposed adaptive control model is capable of self adjusting to changing environments. The algorithm is based on a decision logic, which is constructed by breaking up knowledge and converting them into mathematical form in order to cover all possible conditions that can exist during the implementation phase. Expert thoughts and knowledge from decision logic are stored in the decision tree, which consists of circular nodes, arcs and decision nodes. The suggested system is capable of accepting further rules, new nodes and branches to the tree when additional attributes are needed. This whole knowledge is encoded in the form of production rules and each rule represents a small chunk of knowledge relating to the given domain of tool replacement. A number of related rules collectively respond to highly useful conclusions.The system uses VP Expert development shell, contains an inference engine and, a user interface. The originality of the proposed strategy lies in that a knowledge-based expert system is developed to identify and analyze the current conditions and then readjust the output that reflects the real-time environment. Compared with the various classical models, the approach can synthesize and analyze as many variables as possible to adequately and reliably identify the real-time conditions. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of this tool-change planning and control strategy

Degradation of atorvastatin: (1R,2S,4S,5S)-4-(4-fluoro­phen­yl)-2-hydro­peroxy-4-hydr­oxy-2-isopropyl-N,5-diphenyl-3,6-dioxabicyclo­[3.1.0]hexane-1-carboxamide

The degradation of atorvastatin calcium in methanol and hydrogen peroxide results in the crystallization of the title compound, C26H24FNO6, which shows several differences compared with the starting compound. In the crystal structure of the title compound, intra- and inter­molecular hydrogen bonding is found

Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus 3a genotype entry through Glanthus Nivalis Agglutinin

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) has two envelop proteins E1 and E2 which is highly glycosylated and play an important role in cell entry. Inhibition of virus at entry step is an important target to find antiviral drugs against HCV. Glanthus Nivalis Agglutinin (GNA) is a mannose binding lectin which has tendency for specific recognition and reversible binding to the sugar moieties of a wide variety of glycoproteins of enveloped viruses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the present study, HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) for genotype 3a were produced to investigate the ability of GNA to block the HCV entry. The results demonstrated that GNA inhibit the infectivity of HCVpp and HCV infected serum in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in 50% reduction of virus at 1 ± 2 μg concentration. Molecular docking of GNA and HCV glycoproteins (E1 and E2) showed that GNA inhibit HCV entry by binding N-linked glycans.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results demonstrated that targeting the HCV glycans is a new approach to develop antiviral drugs against HCV.</p

2-[6-Thioxo-5-(2,4,6-trimethyl­phen­yl)-1,3,5-thia­diazinan-3-yl]acetic acid

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C14H18N2O2S2, the 1,3,5-thia­diazinane-2-thione ring adopts an envelope conformation with one of the N atoms at the flap position. The plane throught the five co-planar atoms of the heterocycle is oriented at a dihedral angle of 80.59 (8)° with respect to the aromatic ring. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular O—H⋯S inter­actions link the mol­ecules into chains along the b axis

4-(2-Ethyl­phen­yl)-1-(2-oxoindolin-3-yl­idene)thio­semicarbazide

The title compound, C17H16N4OS, is stabilized in the form of a two-dimensional polymeric network due to inter­molecular N—H⋯S and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. An intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond forms an S(5) ring, whereas inter­actions of the N—H⋯O and C—H⋯S types complete S(6) ring motifs. π–π inter­actions with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.6514 (10) Å are found between the ethyl-substituted benzene ring and the heterocyclic ring of the isatin derivative

4-(2-Fluoro­phen­yl)-1-(2-oxoindolin-3-yl­idene)thio­semicarbazide

The title compound, C15H11FN4OS, is almost planar, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring systems being 5.00 (13)°. The conformation is stabilized by intra­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which generate S(5) and S(6) rings, respectively. N—H⋯F and C—H⋯S inter­actions also occur. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur, generating R 2 2(8) loops

Wireless E-Nose Sensors to Detect Volatile Organic Gases through Multivariate Analysis

Gas sensors are critical components when adhering to health safety and environmental policies in various manufacturing industries, such as the petroleum and oil industry; scent and makeup production; food and beverage manufacturing; chemical engineering; pollution monitoring. In recent times, gas sensors have been introduced to medical diagnostics, bioprocesses, and plant disease diagnosis processes. There could be an adverse impact on human health due to the mixture of various gases (e.g., acetone (A), ethanol (E), propane (P)) that vent out from industrial areas. Therefore, it is important to accurately detect and differentiate such gases. Towards this goal, this paper presents a novel electronic nose (e-nose) detection method to classify various explosive gases. To detect explosive gases, metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors are used as reliable tools to detect such volatile gases. The data received from MOS sensors are processed through a multivariate analysis technique to classify different categories of gases. Multivariate analysis was done using three variants—differential, relative, and fractional analyses—in principal components analysis (PCA). The MOS sensors also have three different designs: loading design, notch design, and Bi design. The proposed MOS sensor-based e-nose accurately detects and classifies three different gases, which indicates the reliability and practicality of the developed system. The developed system enables discrimination of these gases from the mixture. Based on the results from the proposed system, authorities can take preventive measures to deal with these gases to avoid their potential adverse impacts on employee health

1-(2-Oxoindolin-3-yl­idene)-4-[2-(trifluoro­meth­oxy)phen­yl]thio­semi­carbazide

The crystal structure of the title compound, C16H11F3N4O2S, is stabilized in the form of polymeric chains by N—H⋯O inter­actions. In the mol­ecular structure, two S(5) ring motifs are formed by intra­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding and two S(6) rings are present due to N—H⋯O and C—H⋯S inter­actions. π–π inter­actions are present with distances of 3.2735 (17), 3.563 (2) and 3.664 (4)/3.688 (3) Å between the centroids of the heterocyclic rings, between the centroids of the heterocyclic ring and trifluoro­meth­oxy-substituted phenyl ring, and between the centroids of the trifluoro­meth­oxy-substituted phenyl rings, respectively. The trifluoro­meth­oxy­phenyl group is disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.642 (10):0.358 (10)

Combining sociocognitive-transformative approach and form-focused instruction: effects on L2 learners’ complexity, accuracy and fluency in writing

Many pedagogical approaches have attempted to systematically integrate form-focused instruction (FFI) into L2 writing, namely the process approach, the product approach, the post-process approach, and the process-genre approach. However, these approaches continue to provide conflicting findings on how they can improve students’ overall writing skills and grammatical accuracy and fail to consider the sociocognitive aspect of L2 writing. Thus, the current study examined the effects of a combined sociocognitive-transformative (ST) approach and FFI on L2 writers’ complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) in writing. This quasi-experimental study involved 72 students from a private university in Pakistan. The findings revealed that L2 writers significantly improved in all fluency measures and in certain accuracy and complexity measures after being exposed to the treatment. The improvement in writing fluency was attributed to their increased rhetorical awareness and focus on content during writing. Meanwhile, the improvement in accuracy was linked to the contextualised teaching of linguistic items and learners’ psycholinguistic readiness in learning these items. Finally, the mixed results in fine-grained measures of accuracy and complexity were linked to the possible interaction between these measures. Implications for L2 writing pedagogy and future studies are discussed