PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MASALAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF FISIKA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA DI SMP

Dilatarbelakangi oleh hasil belajar kognitif yang belum mencapai standar ketercapaian dan hasil observasi yang menunjukkan bahwa proses pembelajaran yang belum melatih siswa untuk berpikir kreatif dan mandiri, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah untuk untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif fisika dalam pembelajaran fisika di SMP. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperiment dengan desain penelitian one group pretest-posttest design. Pengambilan data pada penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan tes berupa soal pilihan ganda dengan empat opsi jawaban untuk mengukur ranah kognitif serta lembar observasi keterlaksanaan pembelajaran. Analisis data tes kognitif dilakukan dengan menghitung gain normalissi dari perbandingan pretes dan postes serta perhitungan per ranah kognitif antara C1, C2 dan C3. Analisis data hasil observasi keterlaksanaan model PBM dilakukan dengan menghitung persentase tahapan pembelajaran yang terlaksana, lalu diinterpretasikan ke dalam kategori Keterlaksanaan Model Pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukan nilai rata-rata gain yang dinormalisasi untuk ranah kognitif sebesar 0,40 termasuk kategori sedang, dengan rincian nilai gain yang dinormalisasi untuk aspek C1sebesar 0,45, aspek C2 sebesar 0,35, aspek C3 sebesar 0,37. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif siswa SMP. ---------- Motivated by cognitive learning outcomes that have not reached the standard of achievement and observations indicate that the learning process is not to train students to think creatively and independently, this study aims to determine the application of the model to Problem Based Learning to improve learning outcomes in the cognitive learning physics physics in junior . The method used in this study is a quasi experimental research design with one group pretest-posttest design. Collecting data on research carried out by using the test in the form of multiple choice questions with four answer options to measure cognitive and learning feasibility observation sheet. Data analysis was performed by calculating the cognitive tests normalissi gain from pretest and posttest comparisons and calculations per cognitive domain between C1, C2 and C3. Analysis of data from observational feasibility PBM models is done by calculating the percentage of the learning phase has been completed, then interpreted into the category successful implementation learning model. The results showed an average value for the normalized gain of 0.40 cognitive domains including the medium category, with details of the value of the gain is normalized to 0.45 C1aspect, the aspect of 0.35 C2, C3 aspect of 0.37. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of the model of Problem Based Learning can improve cognitive learning outcomes junior high school students

Nære pårørende av alkoholmisbrukere - hvor mange er de og hvordan berøres de?

Alkohol står for det største omfanget av rusmiddelproblemer i Norge, både med hensyn til hvor mange personer som har et rusmiddelproblem og omfanget av de helsemessige og sosiale konsekvensene av rusmiddelbruken. Denne rapporten omhandler de negative konsekvensene av alkoholbruk for nære pårørende som barn og ektefelle/partner. Både spørsmålet om hvor mange nære pårørende det er til alkoholmisbrukere og hva slags negative konsekvenser de erfarer, blir for første gang ved hjelp av norske data belyst her. Vi har tatt utgangspunkt i to tilgjengelige datasett; en intervjuundersøkelse blant vel 2000 voksne personer og en spørreskjemaundersøkelse blant vel 20 000 ungdommer. Et viktig anliggende i rapporten har vært å vise at det ikke er noen distinkte skiller mellom alkoholmisbrukere eller personer med et risikofylt alkoholkonsum og andre alkoholbrukere. Vi må derfor anta at de negative konsekvensene som nære pårørende opplever både varierer betydelig i type, varighet og alvorlighetsgrad og kan tilskrives en større gruppe av alkoholbrukere enn den lille gruppen som drikker mest. Våre beregninger viste at vi kan anta at det i Norge er i størrelsesorden 50 000 – 150 000 barn og 50 000 – 100 000 ektefeller/partnere som bor sammen med personer med et risikofylt alkoholkonsum. Det er trolig mer enn 130 000 personer som i løpet av sitt voksne liv har opplevd visse typer negative konsekvenser (sjikane/utskjelling, trusler om vold og vold, uønsket seksuell tilnærming, hærverk og seksuelt overgrep) av foreldres eller partners alkoholproblemer. Blant ungdom ser vi at forekomst av ulike typer psykososiale problemer som voldsutsatthet, dårlig mental helse og dårlige foreldrerelasjoner øker med hvor ofte de opplever å se foreldrene beruset. Likevel er det, selv blant dem som ofte opplever foreldrene beruset, et flertall som ikke rapporterer noen av disse problemene. Gjennomgang av forskningslitteraturen har vist at dette er et forsømt forskningsområde. Det er ikke bare et åpenbart behov for mer forskning om norske forhold på dette feltet, men også viktig å bidra til den internasjonale forskningsbaserte kunnskapen på området

Patient safety and job-related stress: A focus group study

Summary This study focused on work-related stress among nurses working with critically ill patients. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of workrelated stress with regard to patient safety. The study uses a qualitative design based on focus group interviews with nurses who work with acute, critically ill patients in hospitals. Two regional hospitals were chosen. Inclusion criteria for the focus group panels included the following: nurses with advanced training in anesthesiology, intensive care, or operating-room nursing. Twenty-three nurses were chosen and they were divided into four groups. This study shows that a demanding work environment together with minimal control and social support from colleagues results in increased stress that can often have an effect on patient safety. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Stress, sense of coherence and quality of life among Norwegian nurse students after a period of clinical practice

Background. Previous research has found that sense of coherence is significantly related to aspects of health, but studies on nurse students with a salutogenic approach are limited. Objectives. To investigate (1) if nurse students’ experience of stress differs among clinical practice in nursing homes and medical/surgical wards. (2) Whether sense of coherence and stress are associated with quality of life. (3) If sense of coherence acts as a moderator in the relationship between stress and quality of life. Participants. Data were collected from 227 nurse students between January and April 2014. Methods. Questionnaires measuring stress, sense of coherence and quality of life were completed after a period of clinical practice. Linear regression analyses were used to measure associations between stress, and sense of coherence respectively, and quality of life. Results. The results showed that 33.92% of the students experienced moderate or high levels of stress, and there was significantly more stress in hospital wards compared to nursing homes (p = 0.027). Sense of coherence was positively associated with quality of life in the simple and multiple regression analyses (p < 0.01). Stress was negatively associated with quality of life in the simple regression analysis (p < 0.01), but not in the multiple analyses when sense of coherence was included. However, when we included an interaction term, stress was no longer associated with quality of life and sense of coherence appeared to be a significant moderator in the relationship between stress and quality of life (p = 0.015). Thus, a negative association was seen among students with the lowest levels of sense of coherence. Conclusion. These findings suggest that sense of coherence could be seen as a resource that nurse educators can build upon when supporting students in coping with stress

Compression in XML search engines

The structure of XML documents can be used by search engines to answer structured queries or to provide better relevancy. Several index structures exist for search in XML data. This study focuses on inverted lists with dictionary coded path types and dewey coded path instances. The dewey coded path index is large, but could be compressed. This study examines query processing with indexes encoded using well known integer coding methods VByte and PFor(delta) and methods tailored for the dewey index. Intersection queries and structural queries are evaluated. In addition to standard document level skipping, skip operations for path types are implemented and evaluated. Four extensions over plain PFor methods are proposed and tested. Path type sorting sorts dewey codes on their path types and store all deweys from one path type together. Column wise dewey storage stores the deweys in columns instead of rows. Prefix coding a well known method, is adapted to the column wise dewey storage, and dynamic column wise method chooses between row wise and column wise storage based on the compressed data. Experiments are performed on a XML collection based on Wikipedia. Queries are generated from the TREC 06 efficiency task query trace. Several different types of structural queries have been executed. Experiments show that column wise methods perform good on both intersection and structural queries. The dynamic column wise scheme is in most cases the best, and creates the smallest index. Special purpose skipping for path types makes some queries extremely fast and can be implemented with only limited storage footprint. The performance of in-memory search with multi-threaded query execution is limited by memory bandwidth

Cuban journalism students: between ideals and state ideology

Cuban journalism students find that journalistic ideals learnt in university are incompatible with the media reality they encounter during periods of practical training in state media. Journalism education in Havana pertains, in many ways, to aspects of ‘Western’ journalistic ideals, such as providing criticism, investigative journalism and reporting on social ills. In the propagandistic defence paradigm of Cuban state media, such ideals are very difficult to pursue. Although enjoying the hands-on experience, students also become frustrated and demotivated with censorship and institutionalised news criteria during training periods. Many thus look for opportunities in non-state outlets, where journalistic ideals are closer to those learnt in university.acceptedVersio