Sharkipedia: Elasmobranch Traits and Trends Global Database

Sharkipedia is an open source research initiative to make all published biological traits and population trends on sharks, rays, and chimaeras accessible to everyone. Originally inspired by FishBase, our databases are modelled after Coral Traits database and the RAM legacy database. The key aspects of our initiative were established with the central tenet of facilitating research on chondrichthyans, and are built on three main principles: (1) being completely web-based open- access and queryable for use by all researchers, (2) quality control and assurance by experts in the field and traceability of every measurement to its original references, and (3) regular updates association with International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Assessment workshops of focal species

Conservation successes and challenges for wide-ranging sharks and rays

Overfishing is the most significant threat facing sharks and rays. Given the growth in consumption of seafood, combined with the compounding effects of habitat loss, climate change, and pollution, there is a need to identify recovery paths, particularly in poorly managed and poorly monitored fisheries. Here, we document conservation through fisheries management success for 11 coastal sharks in US waters by comparing population trends through a Bayesian state-space model before and after the implementation of the 1993 Fisheries Management Plan for Sharks. We took advantage of the spatial and temporal gradients in fishing exposure and fisheries management in the Western Atlantic to analyze the effect on the Red List status of all 26 wide-ranging coastal sharks and rays. We show that extinction risk was greater where fishing pressure was higher, but this was offset by the strength of management engagement (indicated by strength of National and Regional Plan of Action for sharks and rays). The regional Red List Index (which tracks changes in extinction risk through time) declined in all regions until the 1980s but then improved in the North and Central Atlantic such that the average extinction risk is currently half that in the Southwest. Many sharks and rays are wide ranging, and successful fisheries management in one country can be undone by poorly regulated or unregulated fishing elsewhere. Our study underscores that well-enforced, science-based management of carefully monitored fisheries can achieve conservation success, even for slow-growing species

Estimating IUCN Red List Population Reduction: JARA—A Decision-Support Tool Applied to Pelagic Sharks

The International Union for Conservation of Nature\u27s (IUCN) Red List is the global standard for quantifying extinction risk but assessing population reduction (criterion A) of wide‐ranging, long‐lived marine taxa remains difficult and controversial. We show how Bayesian state–space models (BSSM), coupled with expert knowledge at IUCN Red List workshops, can combine regional abundance data into indices of global population change. To illustrate our approach, we provide examples of the process to assess four circumglobal sharks with differing temporal and spatial data‐deficiency: Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), Dusky Shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), and Great Hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran). For each species, the BSSM provided global population change estimates over three generation lengths bounded by uncertainty levels in intuitive outputs, enabling informed decisions on the status of each species. Integrating similar analyses into future workshops would help conservation practitioners ensure robust, consistent, and transparent Red List assessments for other long‐lived, wide‐ranging species

Overfishing Drives Over One-Third of All Sharks and Rays Toward a Global Extinction Crisis

The scale and drivers of marine biodiversity loss are being revealed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessment process. We present the first global reassessment of 1,199 species in Class Chondrichthyes-sharks, rays, and chimeras. The first global assessment (in 2014) concluded that one-quarter (24%) of species were threatened. Now, 391 (32.6%) species are threatened with extinction. When this percentage of threat is applied to Data Deficient species, more than one-third (37.5%) of chondrichthyans are estimated to be threatened, with much of this change resulting from new information. Three species are Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct), representing possibly the first global marine fish extinctions due to overfishing. Consequently, the chondrichthyan extinction rate is potentially 25 extinctions per million species years, comparable to that of terrestrial vertebrates. Overfishing is the universal threat affecting all 391 threatened species and is the sole threat for 67.3% of species and interacts with three other threats for the remaining third: loss and degradation of habitat (31.2% of threatened species), climate change (10.2%), and pollution (6.9%). Species are disproportionately threatened in tropical and subtropical coastal waters. Science-based limits on fishing, effective marine protected areas, and approaches that reduce or eliminate fishing mortality are urgently needed to minimize mortality of threatened species and ensure sustainable catch and trade of others. Immediate action is essential to prevent further extinctions and protect the potential for food security and ecosystem functions provided by this iconic lineage of predators

Influence de la variabilité climatique, de l’abondance de proies, de la densité-dépendance et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle chez des prédateurs supérieurs longévifs : de l’individu à la population

A fundamental endeavor in population ecology is to identify the drivers of population dynamics. The main objective of this thesis is to determine what are the demographic and population responses of superior marine predators to the fluctuations of their prey abundance, to climatic variations, to density-dependence while taking into account inter and intra individual heterogeneity (age, experience, sex, quality or strategy). To do this, we analysed long-term individual and population-based monitoring of long-lived seabirds and phylogenetically close apical predators in two contrasting biomes: the south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki at Pointe Géologie archipelago, Antarctica, and the brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago. We will use direct abundance of their respective prey: Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae and emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri in Antarctica, and the blue petrel Halobaena caerulea and the thin-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri prion in Kerguelen islands. These datasets provide a unique opportunity to simultaneously disentangle and quantify the different sources of variability driving variation in natural populations occupying one of the highest trophic levels of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic food webs. We found variation in several vital traits of both populations influenced by individual performance and latent individual heterogeneity. We discuss the mechanisms by which climatic variability, prey abundance, and population density can differentially affect the different age classes of each age class, and the potential consequences of future environmental changes.Une question fondamentale en écologie des populations est l’identification des facteurs influençant la dynamique d’une population. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer quelles sont les réponses démographiques et populationnelles de prédateurs marins supérieurs face aux fluctuations d’abondance de leurs proies, aux variations climatiques, à la densité-dépendance tout en tenant compte de l’hétérogénéité inter et intra-individuelle (âge, expérience, sexe, qualité ou stratégie). Pour ce faire, nous nous baserons sur l’analyse de suivis à long-terme individuels et populationnels d’oiseaux marins longévifs et prédateurs apicaux phylogénétiquement très proches dans deux biomes contrastés : le labbe de McCormick Catharacta maccormicki sur l’archipel de Pointe Géologie en Antarctique et le labbe subantarctique Catharacta lonnbergi sur l’archipel des Kerguelen en milieu subantarctique. Nous tirerons parti d’estimations d’abondances de leurs proies respectives : le manchot Adélie Pygoscelis adeliae et le manchot empereur Aptenodytes forsteri en Antarctique, et le pétrel bleu Halobaena caerulea et le prion de Belcher Pachyptila belcheri à Kerguelen. Ces jeux de données offrent une opportunité unique de pouvoir déterminer et quantifier simultanément les différentes sources de variabilité dans les changements de taille de populations naturelles occupant l’un des niveaux trophiques les plus élevés des réseaux alimentaires antarctiques et subantarctiques. Nous avons mis en évidence de la variation dans plusieurs traits vitaux des deux populations influencées par les performances des individus et de l’hétérogénéité individuelle latente. Nous discutons des mécanismes par lesquels la variabilité climatique, l’abondance de proie et la densité de population peuvent affecter différentiellement les différentes classes d’âges de chaque trait vital, et les conséquences potentielles de futurs changements environnementaux

Influences of climatic variability, prey abundance, density-dependence, and individual heterogeneity in long-lived top predators : from individual to population

Une question fondamentale en écologie des populations est l’identification des facteurs influençant la dynamique d’une population. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de déterminer quelles sont les réponses démographiques et populationnelles de prédateurs marins supérieurs face aux fluctuations d’abondance de leurs proies, aux variations climatiques, à la densité-dépendance tout en tenant compte de l’hétérogénéité inter et intra-individuelle (âge, expérience, sexe, qualité ou stratégie). Pour ce faire, nous nous baserons sur l’analyse de suivis à long-terme individuels et populationnels d’oiseaux marins longévifs et prédateurs apicaux phylogénétiquement très proches dans deux biomes contrastés : le labbe de McCormick Catharacta maccormicki sur l’archipel de Pointe Géologie en Antarctique et le labbe subantarctique Catharacta lonnbergi sur l’archipel des Kerguelen en milieu subantarctique. Nous tirerons parti d’estimations d’abondances de leurs proies respectives : le manchot Adélie Pygoscelis adeliae et le manchot empereur Aptenodytes forsteri en Antarctique, et le pétrel bleu Halobaena caerulea et le prion de Belcher Pachyptila belcheri à Kerguelen. Ces jeux de données offrent une opportunité unique de pouvoir déterminer et quantifier simultanément les différentes sources de variabilité dans les changements de taille de populations naturelles occupant l’un des niveaux trophiques les plus élevés des réseaux alimentaires antarctiques et subantarctiques. Nous avons mis en évidence de la variation dans plusieurs traits vitaux des deux populations influencées par les performances des individus et de l’hétérogénéité individuelle latente. Nous discutons des mécanismes par lesquels la variabilité climatique, l’abondance de proie et la densité de population peuvent affecter différentiellement les différentes classes d’âges de chaque trait vital, et les conséquences potentielles de futurs changements environnementaux.A fundamental endeavor in population ecology is to identify the drivers of population dynamics. The main objective of this thesis is to determine what are the demographic and population responses of superior marine predators to the fluctuations of their prey abundance, to climatic variations, to density-dependence while taking into account inter and intra individual heterogeneity (age, experience, sex, quality or strategy). To do this, we analysed long-term individual and population-based monitoring of long-lived seabirds and phylogenetically close apical predators in two contrasting biomes: the south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki at Pointe Géologie archipelago, Antarctica, and the brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago. We will use direct abundance of their respective prey: Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae and emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri in Antarctica, and the blue petrel Halobaena caerulea and the thin-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri prion in Kerguelen islands. These datasets provide a unique opportunity to simultaneously disentangle and quantify the different sources of variability driving variation in natural populations occupying one of the highest trophic levels of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic food webs. We found variation in several vital traits of both populations influenced by individual performance and latent individual heterogeneity. We discuss the mechanisms by which climatic variability, prey abundance, and population density can differentially affect the different age classes of each age class, and the potential consequences of future environmental changes

Demographic and population responses of an apex predator to climate and its prey: a long‐term study of south polar skuas

International audienceEcologists widely acknowledge that a complex interplay of endogenous (density‐dependent) and exogenous (density‐independent) factors impact demographic processes. Individuals respond differently to those forces, ultimately shaping the dynamics of wild populations. Most comprehensive studies disentangling simultaneously the effects of density dependence, climate, and prey abundance while taking into account age structure were conducted in terrestrial ecosystems. However, studies on marine populations are lacking. Here we provide insight into the mechanisms affecting four vital rates of an apex Antarctic marine predator population, the South Polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki, by combining a nearly half‐century longitudinal time series of individual life histories and abundance data, with climatic and prey abundance covariates. Using multistate capture–mark–recapture models, we estimated age classes effects on survival, breeding, successful breeding with one or two chicks and successful breeding with two chicks probabilities, and assessed the different effects of population size, climate, and prey abundance on each age‐specific demographic parameter. We found evidence for strong age effects in the four vital rates studied. Vital rates at younger ages were lower than those of older age classes for all parameters. Results clearly evidenced direct and indirect influences of local climate (summer sea ice concentration), of available prey resources (penguins), and of intrinsic factors (size of the breeding population). More covariate effects were found on reproductive rates than on survival, and younger age classes were more sensitive than the older ones. Results from a deterministic age‐structured density‐dependent matrix population model indicated greater effects of prey abundance and sea ice concentration on the total population size than on the breeding population size. Both total population size and the number of breeders were strongly affected by low values of sea ice concentration. Overall, our results highlight the greater sensitivity of reproductive traits and of younger age classes to prey abundance, climate variability, and density dependence in a marine apex predator, with important consequences on the total population size but with limited effects on the breeding population size. We discuss the mechanisms by which climate variability, prey abundance, and population size may affect differentially age‐specific vital rates, and the potential population consequences of future environmental changes

Population response of an apex Antarctic consumer to its prey and climate fluctuations

International audienceA fundamental endeavor in population ecology is to identify the drivers of population dynamics. A few empirical studies included the effect of prey abundance when investigating simultaneously the effects of density-dependence and climate factors on marine top-predator population dynamics. Our aim was to unravel the mechanisms forcing population dynamics of an apex consumer seabird, the south polar skua, using long-term climatic and population time series of the consumer and its prey in Terre Adélie, Antarctica. Influences of density-dependence, climatic factors, and prey abundance with lag effects were tested on the breeding population dynamics with a Bayesian multi-model inference approach. We evidenced a negative trend in breeding population growth rate when density increased. Lagged effects of sea-ice concentration and air temperature in spring and a contemporary effect of prey resources were supported. Remarkably, results outline a reverse response of the south polar skua and one of its main preys to the same environmental factor (sea-ice concentration), suggesting a strong link between skua and penguin dynamics. The causal mechanisms may involve competition for food and space through territorial behavior as well as local climate and prey availability, which probably operate on breeding parameters (breeding propensity, breeding success, or recruitment) rather than on adult survival. Our results provide new insights on the relative importance of factors forcing the population dynamics of an apex consumer including density-dependence, local climate conditions, and direct and indirect effects of prey abundance

Prey remains of brown skua is evidence of the long-term decline in burrow occupancy of blue petrels and thin-billed prions at Mayes Island, Kerguelen

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Early-life density-dependence effects on growth and survival in subantarctic fur seals.

International audienceUnderstanding the regulation of natural populationshas been a long-standing research program in ecology.Current knowledge on marine mammals and seabirdsis biased toward the adult component of populations andlacking are studies investigating the juvenile component.Our goal was to estimate demographic parameters on thepre-weaning stage of a subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalustropicalis) population on Amsterdam Island, suspectedto be regulated by density-dependence. The influence ofabundance on growth parameters (length and weight) andsurvival was assessed over a study period spanning 16years. We evidenced a negative trend in population growthrate when density increased. Density-dependence modelswere favored for pup body size and mass growth. Abundancehad a clear influence on body length at high population-density, pups grew slower and were smaller at weaningthan pups born in years with low population density.Abundance partly explained pup body mass variation anda weak effect was detected on pre-weaning survival. Thecausal mechanisms may be increased competition for foodresources between breeding females, leading to a reductionof maternal input to their pups. Our results suggested thatpup favored survival over growth and the development of their diving abilities in order to withstand the extreme fastingperiods that are characteristic of this fur seal population.This analysis provides significant insight of densitydependentprocesses on early-life demographic parametersof a long lived and top-predator species, and more specificallyon the pre-weaning stage with important consequencesfor our understanding of individual long-term fitnessand population dynamics