21 research outputs found
A description of the mental health outcomes of HIV positive adolescents accessing care in Johannesburg
A thesis completed by published work.
Submitted to the School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of the Witwatersrand,
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy. johannesburg, South Africa. September, 2017.Background: Adolescents living with HIV are an emerging group in the global
HIV/AIDS epidemic. Mental health in this population impacts HIV care, treatment,
consequential morbidity and secondary transmission. Perinatally infected HIV positive
adolescents (PIA) have high prevalence of mental health disorders; loss and
bereavement are particularly pervasive in their lives, however little is known about the
mental health of PIA retained in care in South Africa. How PIA beliefs concerning
their HIV infection are affected by the cumulative effect of bereavement (particularly of
parents), the failure to disclose to them the cause of death and the manner in which
they learn their own HIV positive status, is a subject understudied. Similarly, there is
a paucity of research on effective ways to manage such bereavement. Resilience, or
positive adaptation to challenging situations, may be particularly important for PIA,
who are exposed to significant stigma, risks and stressors. However, there is limited
research regarding adolescents in South Africa, partly because section 71 of the
National Health Act (NHA) requires parental or guardian's consent. This presents a
significant barrier to research on HIV infected adolescents aged under 18 years.
The aim of this research is to describe the mental health of HIV positive adolescents
(13-19 years) accessing care and treatment in Johannesburg and generate evidence
to inform mental health policy for this population in South Africa. The study describes
the mental health outcomes of this population with a focus on how bereavement and
disclosure impacts on mental health, as well as how resilience is manifest in this
group.
Methods: Prior to commencement of the research, an order was obtained from the
High Court in Johannesburg as upper guardian of minor children for the statutory
parental or guardian’s consent. For the thesis, data from three studies are presented
in five published papers. These studies were conducted using a combination of
qualitative and quantitative techniques resulting in a mixed methods study design.
For the quantitative study, HIV positive adolescents aged 13-19 years (n=343)
accessing five pediatric antiretroviral clinics in Johannesburg were assessed using
standardized measures for depression (Children’s Depression Inventory), anxiety
(Children’s Manifext Anxiety Scale), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Child
PTSD Checklist) and suicidality (MINI International Psychiatric Interview). In addition
to mental health, the survey captured information regarding HIV, sexual reproductive
health and coping. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted on all
variables using Statistica v13.
Two qualitative studies were conducted. The first purposively selected 25
participants from the larger study. The aim was to identify elements of resilience
through in-depth interviews in this group of PIA. The second identified the most and
least symptomatic participants (n=26) from the larger cohort on scores for mental
health (depression, anxiety, post traumatic stress disorder, suicidality). Drawings
and written accounts of the loss of a significant attachment figure of participants were
assessed and compared by professionals (art therapists, psychologists, social
workers and counsellors) in three focus group discussions. The goal of this study
was to understand the influence of bereavement on mental health and the use of
drawing and writing in expressing the experience of loss. Data were analysed in
NVIVO 10 using a thematic approach to coding.
The final paper details the process of obtaining ethical approval for research with
adolescents in public health facilities through a case study (this PhD).
Results: Of the enrolled 343 participants, 27% were symptomatic for depression,
anxiety or PTSD; 24% reported suicidality. Results indicated high rates of
comorbidity amongst depression, anxiety and PTSD. Females scored significantly
higher for depression (p<.001), anxiety (p<.01), and PTSD (p<.001) than males.
Those reporting suicidality also reported significantly higher on all three mental health
scales suggesting that suicidal individuals are more likely to present with higher
levels of depression (p<.001), anxiety (p<.001) and PTSD (p<.001). Almost 90% did
not feel that they belonged in the family with which they lived. Peer violence was
significantly correlated to all mental health problems, also hunger, being
inappropriately touched, being hit and being female. High exposure to violence was
evident and not feeling safe at home or in community increased risk for all mental
health disorders. Knowing one’s HIV status, however, was protective as was having
dreams for the future.
The qualitative studies highlighted that despite marked stressors in the lives of these
adolescents, a high degree of resilience was described. Characteristics of resilience
in this group included a pertinent set of beliefs, including a belief in fate and
recognition of personal strength as a consequence of managing adversity. Character
traits such as a pragmatic acceptance about one’s life, actively taking responsibility,
and a robust self-esteem were evident. Social behaviours included the ability to
pursue and access adults and healthcare to meet developmental needs, having a
desire to support and help others and challenging HIV related stigma. These
characteristics were underscored by the capacity for self-reflection.
The studies also revealed that PIA have limited understanding of how they became
infected, vertical transmission and potential benefits of PMTCT to their future
reproductive needs, despite disclosure. Most participants were experiencing
complicated grieving which was impacting negatively on their mental health, ability to
accept their HIV status and adhere to treatment.
The drawings and written accounts of the qualitative study accentuated contextual
deprivation, including high exposure to multiple and consistent losses of significant
attachment figures. They also pointed to emotional deprivation and impoverishment,
including unresolved complicated grieving. Views from participants emphasized
missed opportunities, including failure to address the mental health concerns of this
population at risk.
The case study suggested that without court intervention, most of the participants,
being orphans without guardians, could not have participated in the research because
the statutory consent was otherwise impossible. This case study argues for
exceptions to the parental consent requirement, by reason of the exclusion of
Orphaned and Vulnerable Children and Youth (OVCY) from research. Inconsistent
and confusing legal policy that inadvertently silences voices that most need to be
heard, as well as law that is inconsistent with principles of justice, inclusiveness and
autonomy, are put forward to argue for a change to the National Health Act.
Conclusion: HIV positive adolescents accessing care demonstrate high levels of
mental health problems that are largely unrecognized and could potentially be
addressed within health systems. Recognition of mental health challenges in PIA is
crucial to effective HIV care and treatment and providers need to be sufficiently
sensitized to this reality.
PIA need improved communication regarding vertical transmission and PMTCT to
properly understand their HIV status and engage effectively in management. Honest
communication about how relatives died and disclosure of HIV status is necessary to
reduced stigma, complicated grieving and improve mental health.
The impact of unprocessed loss early in life has long-term negative consequences for
PIA. Innovative methods are required to address unmet mental health needs of this
patient population. The use of non-verbal methods (drawing and writing) by
healthcare professionals could be especially valuable to both patient and provider,
particularly in the case of managing bereavement.
PIA, who face high levels of hardship and change, nevertheless exhibit strong
resiliency beliefs, traits, and behaviours. Healthcare environments have the potential
to be utilized as powerful resources in fostering resilience in PIA, if characteristics of
adolescent resilience are integrated into prevention and intervention programming.
Finally, a balance is required between protecting adolescents from exploitation and
permitting access to benefits of research. Mandating parental consent for all research
does not necessarily give effect to policy. For the vast majority of South African HIV
infected adolescents parental consent is not possible. Adolescents are understudied
and poorly understood and although these laws are there to protect this vulnerable
group, it also makes them and their problems less visible. In order to scale up
interventions, careful consideration needs to be placed on how the laws can help
researchers benefit adolescents. Section 71 of the National Health Act ought to be
amended to facilitate valuable and necessary research concerning HIV infected
orphan children and adolescents.
Keywords: perinatal HIV infection, HIV positive adolescents, vulnerable youth,
mental health, healthcare system, disclosure, violence, orphan, bereavement,
complicated grief, drawing, resilience, research, National Health ActLG201
Art Therapy’s contribution to alleviating the HIV burden in South Africa
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group. All rights reserved. This is the accepted manuscript version of a book chapter which has been published in final form at https://www.routledge.com/The-International-Handbook-of-Art-Therapy-in-Palliative-and-Bereavement/Wood-Jacobson-Cridford/p/book/9781138087330South Africa carries one of the world’s most prevalent burdens of disease, HIV. Living surrounded by so much illness and death and against an historical backdrop of violence and poverty, many young people have had multiple exposures to trauma and bereavement with little opportunity to grieve and recover. One of the many tragedies in South Africa is a deficit of parental figures to provide containment, safety and a space for processing complex trauma and complicated grief. At present there are insufficient therapeutic resources to meet the depth and breadth of need. Many of the existing psychosocial practitioners, while facilitating courageous and extraordinary projects, have inadequate training and are often traumatized themselves. Two art psychotherapists, one having worked within a community art therapy centre, the other in the public health system, outline the psychosocial context in which many young South Africans are raised. They describe an experiential art therapy group with HIV counsellors with the primary objective of becoming ‘surrogate parents’, enabling their capacity to work more effectively and creatively with groups, increasing their propensity for empathy, being able to receive emotional support, as well as encouraging group cohesion with increased productivity.Peer reviewe
Enrolling HIV-positive adolescents in mental health research: A case study reflecting on legal and ethical complexities
Background. Adolescents living with HIV are an emerging group in the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Mental health in this population affects HIV care, treatment, consequential morbidity and secondary transmission. There is a paucity of research regarding these youth in South Africa (SA), partly because section 71 of the National Health Act of 2003 (NHA) requires parental or guardian’s consent.
Objective. To explore legal and ethical issues related to conducting adolescent mental health research in SA.
Methods. After obtaining a High Court order permitting research on minors aged <18 years without prior parental or guardian’s consent, we used qualitative and quantitative methods to interview adolescents in five clinics serving HIV-positive adolescents in Johannesburg.
Results. Our study enrolled 343 participants; 74% were orphaned and did not have legal guardians, 27% were symptomatic for depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder, 24% were suicidal, and almost 90% did not feel that they belonged in the family with which they lived. Without court intervention, most of the participants could not have participated in this research because parental consent was impossible to obtain. This case study argues for exceptions to the parental consent requirement, which excludes orphaned and vulnerable children and youth from research.
Conclusions. Recommendations are made to promote ethical integrity in conducting mental health research with adolescents. A balance is needed between protecting adolescents from exploitation and permitting access to benefits of research. Requiring parental consent for all research does not necessarily give effect to policy. For the vast majority of SA HIV-positive adolescents, parental consent is not possible. Section 71 of the NHA ought to be amended to facilitate valuable and necessary research concerning HIV-positive orphan children and adolescents
Intimate partner violence: The need for an alternative primary preventive approach in Botswana
Intimate partner violence is a common social problem which causes considerable relationship stress and results in significant morbidity and mortality of the victims. Botswana, like many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, has tried to address the problem of intimate partner violence with legislations prescribing punitive measures for the perpetrators and protection for the victims. The effectiveness of these measures in reducing the prevalence of intimate partner violence is doubtful. This article is to motivate for an alternative primary preventive approach to the problem as a more pragmatic option
Willing but Not Able: Patient and Provider Receptiveness to Addressing Intimate Partner Violence in Johannesburg Antenatal Clinics.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy is associated with maternal and infant health. However, in South Africa, where 20% to 35% of pregnant women report experiencing IPV, antenatal care rarely addresses violence. Little research has explored how clinic staff, community members, or pregnant women themselves view IPV. We conducted formative, qualitative research with 48 participants in urban Johannesburg. Focus group discussions with pregnant women ( n = 13) alongside qualitative interviews with health providers ( n = 10), managers and researchers ( n = 10), non-governmental organizations ( n = 6), community leaders ( n = 4), and pregnant abused women ( n = 5) explored the context of IPV and health care response. Data were analyzed using a team approach to thematic coding in NVivo 10. We found that pregnant women in the urban Johannesburg setting experience multiple forms of IPV, but tend not to disclose violence to antenatal care providers. Providers are alert to physical injuries or severe outcomes from IPV, but miss subtler cues, such as emotional distress or signs of poor mental health. Providers are uncertain how to respond to IPV, and noted few existing tools, training, or referral systems. Nevertheless, providers were supportive of addressing IPV, as they noted this as a common condition in this setting. Providers and managers considered the safety and well-being of mother and infant to be a strong rationale for the identification of IPV. Pregnant women were receptive to being asked about violence in a kind and confidential way. Understaffing, insufficient training, and poorly developed referral systems were noted as important health system problems to address in future interventions. South African patients and providers are receptive to the identification of and response to IPV in antenatal care, but require tools and training to be able to safely address violence in the health care setting. Future interventions should consider the urban South African antenatal clinic a supportive, if under-resourced, entry point for improving the health of pregnant women experiencing violence
Revealing the impact of loss : Exploring mental health through the use of drawing/writing with HIV positive adolescents in Johannesburg
This document is the Accepted Manuscript of the following article: Nataly Woollett, Heena Brahmbhatt, Kate Dodd, Michelle Booth, Hayley Berman, and Lucie Cluver, 'Revealing the impact of loss: Exploring mental health through the use of drawing/writing with HIV positive adolescents in Johannesburg', Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 77: 197-207, June 2017. Under embargo until 29 October 2018. The Version of Record is available online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.04.021. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Research that utilises non-verbal methods, such as drawings, are also increasingly recognised as particularly ethical as they offer research subjects active participation in the research process, authenti- cating their voice through their engagement, offering more develop- mentally appropriate means of accessing data, diminishing stress in the child/adolescent-adult interaction and providing a more comfortable method of engagement than languagePeer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio