Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

A global horizon scan of the future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on urban ecosystems

Technology is transforming societies worldwide. A major innovation is the emergence of robotics and autonomous systems (RAS), which have the potential to revolutionize cities for both people and nature. Nonetheless, the opportunities and challenges associated with RAS for urban ecosystems have yet to be considered systematically. Here, we report the findings of an online horizon scan involving 170 expert participants from 35 countries. We conclude that RAS are likely to transform land use, transport systems and human–nature interactions. The prioritized opportunities were primarily centred on the deployment of RAS for the monitoring and management of biodiversity and ecosystems. Fewer challenges were prioritized. Those that were emphasized concerns surrounding waste from unrecovered RAS, and the quality and interpretation of RAS-collected data. Although the future impacts of RAS for urban ecosystems are difficult to predict, examining potentially important developments early is essential if we are to avoid detrimental consequences but fully realize the benefits

Activity-based protein profiling identifies alternating activation of enzymes involved in the bifidobacterium shunt pathway or mucin degradation in the gut microbiome response to soluble dietary fiber

Abstract While deprivation of dietary fiber has been associated with adverse health outcomes, investigations concerning the effect of dietary fiber on the gut microbiome have been largely limited to compositional sequence-based analyses or utilize a defined microbiota not native to the host. To extend understanding of the microbiome’s functional response to dietary fiber deprivation beyond correlative evidence from sequence-based analyses, approaches capable of measuring functional enzymatic activity are needed. In this study, we use an activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) approach to identify sugar metabolizing and transport proteins in native mouse gut microbiomes that respond with differential activity to the deprivation or supplementation of the soluble dietary fibers inulin and pectin. We found that the microbiome of mice subjected to a high fiber diet high in soluble fiber had increased functional activity of multiple proteins, including glycoside hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases, and sugar transport proteins from diverse taxa. The results point to an increase in activity of the Bifidobacterium shunt metabolic pathway in the microbiome of mice fed high fiber diets. In those subjected to a low fiber diet, we identified a shift from the degradation of dietary fibers to that of gut mucins, in particular by the recently isolated taxon “Musculibacterium intestinale”, which experienced dramatic growth in response to fiber deprivation. When combined with metabolomics and shotgun metagenomics analyses, our findings provide a functional investigation of dietary fiber metabolism in the gut microbiome and demonstrates the power of a combined ABPP-multiomics approach for characterizing the response of the gut microbiome to perturbations

Deep learning predicts microbial interactions from self-organized spatiotemporal patterns

Microbial communities organize into spatial patterns that are largely governed by interspecies interactions. This phenomenon is an important metric for understanding community functional dynamics, yet the use of spatial patterns for predicting microbial interactions is currently lacking. Here we propose supervised deep learning as a new tool for network inference. An agent-based model was used to simulate the spatiotemporal evolution of two interacting organisms under diverse growth and interaction scenarios, the data of which was subsequently used to train deep neural networks. For small-size domains (100 mm x 100 mm) over which interaction coefficients are assumed to be invariant, we obtained fairly accurate predictions, as indicated by an average R2 value of 0.84. In application to relatively larger domains (450 mm x 450 mm) where interaction coefficients are varying in space, deep learning models correctly predicted spatial distributions of interaction coefficients without any additional training. Lastly, we evaluated our model against real biological data obtained using Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli co-cultures treated with polymeric chitin or N-acetylglucosamine, the hydrolysis product of chitin. While P. fluorescens can utilize both substrates for growth, E. coli lacked the ability to degrade chitin. Consistent with our expectations, our model predicted context-dependent interactions across two substrates, i.e., degrader-cheater relationship on chitin polymers and competition on monomers. The combined use of the agent-based model and machine learning algorithm successfully demonstrates how to infer microbial interactions from spatially distributed data, presenting itself as a useful tool for the analysis of more complex microbial community interaction

Role of Cytochrome P450 Hydroxylase in the Decreased Accumulation of Vitamin E in Muscle from Turkeys Compared to that from Chickens

U ovom diplomskom radu, teoretski i eksperimentalno, opisano je i provedeno ispitivanje sposobnosti za nerazorno ultrazvučno mjerenje debljine stijenke. U teorijskom dijela rada opisane su glavne značajke ultrazvučne metode zajedno s tehničkim zahtjevim za ultrazvučno mjerenje debljine. Naglasak je stavljen na specifičnostima ispitnih uzoraka, koji utječu na točnost mjerenja. Detaljnije je opisana tehnika odjeka, kao najčešće korištena (uključujući i eksperimentalnio dio rada) tehnika mjerenja debljine stijenke. Teorijski dio obuhvaća i pregled svih relevantnih normi za ispitivanje sposobnosti te prema kojima je osmišljena međulaboratorijska usporedba u eksperimentalnom dijelu. Također, detaljnije je prikazan način provođenja ispitivanja sposobnosti s istaknutim važnostima i razlozima njihove provedbe. U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada osmišljena je shema ispitivanja sposobnosti, provedena su mjerenja na 4 uzorka od strane 5 laboratorija te su statistički obrađeni dobiveni rezultati prema normi HRN EN ISO/IEC 17043:2010. Obuhvaćeni su svi važni aspekti ispitivanja sposobnosti u ultrazvučnom mjerenju debljina stijenke, kao što su korišteni ispitni uzorci, postupak ispitivanja i postupak ocjenjivanja njihove osposobljenosti i dokazivanja pouzdanosti njihovih rezultata.In this thesis, theoretically and experimentally, a proficiency testing of ultrasonic thickness measurement was described and performed. The theoretical part of the paper describes the main characteristics of the ultrasonic method along with the technical requirements for ultrasonic thickness measurement. Focus is placed on the specifics of the specimens, which affect the accuracy of the measurement. In more detail, the pulse-echo technique is described, as the most commonly used (including the experimental part of the paper) thickness measurement technique. The theoretical part also includes an overview of all relevant standards for proficiency testing and according to which an interlaboratory comparison in the experimental part is designed. Also, the importance and reasons for the implementation of proficiency testing are described in more detail. In the experimental part of the thesis, the proficiency testing scheme was designed, measurements on 4 samples by 5 laboratories were performed and the obtained results were statistically processed, according to the standard HRN EN ISO/IEC 17043: 2010. It also covers all important aspects of proficiency testing of ultrasonic thickness measurements, such as the specimens used, the test procedure and the assessment procedure for assessing their competence and proving the reliability of their results

High-Fat Diets Alter the Modulatory Effects of Xenobiotics on Cytochrome P450 Activities

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) enzymes metabolize critical endogenous chemicals and oxidize nearly all xenobiotics. Dysregulated P450 activities lead to altered capacity for drug metabolism and cellular stress. The effects of mixed exposures on P450 expression and activity are variable and elusive. A high-fat diet (HFD) is a common exposure that results in obesity and associated pathologies including hepatotoxicity. Herein, we report the effects of cigarette smoke on P450 activities of normal weight and HFD induced obese mice. Activity-based protein profiling results indicate that HFD mice had significantly decreased P450 activity, likely instigated by proinflammatory chemicals, and that P450 enzymes involved in detoxification, xenobiotic metabolism, and bile acid synthesis were effected by HFD and smoke interaction. Smoking increased activity of all lung P450 and coexposure to diet effected P450 2s1. We need to expand our understanding of common exposures coupled to altered P450 metabolism to enhance the safety and efficacy of therapeutic drug dosing

Activity-Based Protein Profiling Reveals Mitochondrial Oxidative Enzyme Impairment and Restoration in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

<div><p>High-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and concomitant development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, it is not clear whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a direct effect of a HFD, or if mitochondrial function is reduced with increased HFD duration. We hypothesized that the function of mitochondrial oxidative and lipid metabolism functions in skeletal muscle mitochondria for HFD mice are similar, or elevated, relative to standard diet (SD) mice; thereby, IR is neither cause nor consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. We applied a chemical probe approach to identify functionally reactive ATPases and nucleotide-binding proteins in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle of C57Bl/6J mice fed HFD or SD chow for 2-, 8-, or 16-weeks; feeding time points known to induce IR. A total of 293 probe-labeled proteins were identified by mass spectrometry-based proteomics, of which 54 differed in abundance between HFD and SD mice. We found proteins associated with the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and lipid metabolism were altered in function when comparing SD to HFD fed mice at 2-weeks, however by 16-weeks HFD mice had TCA cycle, β-oxidation, and respiratory chain function at levels similar to or higher than SD mice.</p> </div