Linguistic and functional cognitive peculiarities of media language as the basis of interpretations in the communicative sphere

The study deals with linguistic and functional cognitive aspects of language use in the media with a focus on typical actualisation of linguistic units in continental European business and political press which contain borrowings from the English language alongside original words and collocations, vividly shown by the examples taken from French sources. In the course of communication, the problem of transferring and understanding information arises, thus involving pragmatic and functional cognitive aspects of research. This raises the problem of notions and concepts, particularly in differentiating between strict logical mental structures and formations possessing both logical and sub-logical bases that deal with emotional and evaluative characteristics subject to various interpretations, which is vividly shown in the analysis of the English examples

Combined Tactics of Communication Strategy: Discrediting Biden’s Administration in Tucker Carlson Tonight

The speech-behavioral strategy of discrediting is a manipulative form of information aggression exerted on the consciousness of the mass audience. Since it is inherent in modern media, it affects politics and society and thus needs to be resisted. The article introduces an analysis of combined discrediting tactics that implement the communication strategy of discrediting against the President Biden’s administration. The corpus came from the Tucker Carlson Tonight show and included 563 contexts of combined discrediting tactics. Standard, statistical, and linguistic methods made it possible to classify the discrediting tactics into accusations, insults, negative predictions, deceived expectations, irony, polarization, and comparison. The resulting classification of combined tactics of discrediting included five quantitative groups and 51 content subgroups. The accusation tactics proved to be the most popular combined tactic (260 cases; 60 % of the corpus). Two-component tactics were the most representative (337; 60 %) whereas the subgroup of irony + insult was the most frequent in other subgroups (45; 8 %). Combined tactics had a more significant discrediting effect and a more intensive impact on the target audience

Physiological Method for Evaluation of Vigor State of Pine Stands

Vigor state of middle-aged pine stands was estimated during 2002-2008 at permanent sample plots by two methods: 1) visual estimation of stand vigor rank according to the 6-point scale of Forest Regulations of RF and 2) method of induction of tree defense response (injection of stem with high molecular extractives from Ceratocystis laricicola mycelium and registration of parameters of stem phloem necrosis). The stands of similar origin and structure were preliminarily divided into background and polluted ones on the basis of different amount of polluting substances in snow cover. Estimation of external tree signs according to 6-point scale didn't reveal significant differences between stands in monitored period. In contrast to this morphological method parameters of specific necrotic response of stem inner bark to fungal extract differed significantly in background and polluted stands. Parameters of the necrotic spots on the phloem were shown to depend on effect of creeping fire. The necrosis size increased and the necrosis "moved" toward crown during two years after the fire. The results are in accordance with the hypothesis that the size of phloem necrosis induced by the effect of extractives from phytopathogenic fungus mycelium on stem vascular tissues was determined by the tree state - it increased in damaged tree and decreased with tree state improvement. The injection method can inform about changes of physiological condition of tree and stand at the latent stage when exterior characteristics of a tree haven't changed yet

Invasion of the European River Lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis in the Upper Volga

The European river lamprey came to the Upper Volga from the Baltic Sea most probably via a system of shipways developed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Vyshnii Volochek, Tikhvin, and Mariinskaya water systems are possible invasion pathways for this species. Dispersal and colonization of the Caspian Basin was likely a combination of upstream and downstream migrations. Analysis of museum and our own samples showed that lamprey possibly migrated upstream (for spawning) along rivers of the Baltic Basin until they reached the watershed boundary from which they could disperse downstream (in the juvenile period) into rivers of the Caspian Basin. Dispersal in the Volga River could occur in accordance with the migration cycle of this opportunistic lamprey species and lead to the present distribution. Key features (dentition and number of trunk myomeres) showed that lamprey from the studied area are similar to lampreys from the Baltic basin, although specimens in each population have their own peculiarities in morphology (size and coloration). Genetic data (Cyt-b) support the idea of a relatively recent invasion of lamprey into the Upper Volga. The haplotype, found in three rivers, is one of the most widespread in Europe and is found along the supposed route of invasion

Development of Bioactive Scaffolds for Orthopedic Applications by Designing Additively Manufactured Titanium Porous Structures: A Critical Review

We overview recent findings achieved in the field of model-driven development of additively manufactured porous materials for the development of a new generation of bioactive implants for orthopedic applications. Porous structures produced from biocompatible titanium alloys using selective laser melting can present a promising material to design scaffolds with regulated mechanical properties and with the capacity to be loaded with pharmaceutical products. Adjusting pore geometry, one could control elastic modulus and strength/fatigue properties of the engineered structures to be compatible with bone tissues, thus preventing the stress shield effect when replacing a diseased bone fragment. Adsorption of medicals by internal spaces would make it possible to emit the antibiotic and anti-tumor agents into surrounding tissues. The developed internal porosity and surface roughness can provide the desired vascularization and osteointegration. We critically analyze the recent advances in the field featuring model design approaches, virtual testing of the designed structures, capabilities of additive printing of porous structures, biomedical issues of the engineered scaffolds, and so on. Special attention is paid to highlighting the actual problems in the field and the ways of their solutions

Tracing the Food Web of Changing Arctic Ocean: Trophic Status of Highly Abundant Fish, <i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> (L.), in the White Sea Recovered Using Stomach Content and Stable Isotope Analyses

Studies of dietary preferences of migratory species are of great importance as these species connect food webs of habitats across the migration route and thus represent trophic relationships between the spatially disjointed communities. Here we described the dietary preferences of threespine stickleback G. aculeatus in the White Sea during the spawning season using stable isotope and stomach content analyses. The two analyses suggested that during the spawning season, when sticklebacks spend the majority of their time inshore, their diet consists mostly of benthic species, while at the beginning of the spawning season when fish migrating from the offshore were feeding on plankton. Additionally, we demonstrated that stickleback eggs contributed greatly to the diet of both male and female fish. Using Bayesian mixing modeling, we showed that dietary preferences in females were broader than in males, and more variable during the spawning season. While guarding their nests, males fed almost exclusively on eggs. Both stomach contents and isotope signatures demonstrate that by the end of the spawning season sticklebacks again increase the consumption of plankton. Isotope analysis proved to be a more reliable tool to trace this change than stomach content analysis. Our results show that stable isotope and stomach content analyses are complementary in understanding seasonal changes in the dietary composition of stickleback

A review of GPS/GLONASS studies of the ionospheric response to natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena

The article is a review of studies of ionospheric effects carried out in ISTP SB RAS. The main results of GPS/GLONASS radio sounding of ionospheric disturbances of natural and anthropogenic origin are presented. The article is devoted to ionospheric effects of solar eclipses, solar flares, solar terminator, earthquakes, tropical cyclones, large-scale ionospheric disturbances of auroral origin, rocket launches. Dynamics of global electron content analysis is also presented. The special attention is paid on the influence of solar flares and ionospheric irregularities on GPS and GLONASS performance. The work is a tribute to the leader of GNSS-monitoring workgroup Prof. E.L. Afraimovich (12 March 1940–8 November 2009)

A review of GPS/GLONASS studies of the ionospheric response to natural and anthropogenic processes and phenomena

The article is a review of studies of ionospheric effects carried out in ISTP SB RAS. The main results of GPS/GLONASS radio sounding of ionospheric disturbances of natural and anthropogenic origin are presented. The article is devoted to ionospheric effects of solar eclipses, solar flares, solar terminator, earthquakes, tropical cyclones, large-scale ionospheric disturbances of auroral origin, rocket launches. Dynamics of global electron content analysis is also presented. The special attention is paid on the influence of solar flares and ionospheric irregularities on GPS and GLONASS performance. The work is a tribute to the leader of GNSS-monitoring workgroup Prof. E.L. Afraimovich (12 March 1940–8 November 2009)