L’engagement politique des journalistes pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle

Le but de cet article est d’ examiner les transformations qui ont lieu au sein de la presse grecque au cours de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle et, en particulier, le processus complexe de sa politisation. Par l’ examen du contexte politique, idéologique et institutionnel de l’ époque, et à partir des exemples caractéristiques précis, l’ article vise à examiner le fonctionnement politique de la presse d’ opinion grecque pendant cette période charnière

Upregulation of inducible NO synthase by exogenous adenosine in vascular smooth muscle cells activated by inflammatory stimuli in experimental diabetes

BACKGROUND: Adenosine has been shown to induce nitric oxide (NO) production via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although this is interpreted as a beneficial vasodilating pathway in vaso-occlusive disorders, iNOS is also involved in diabetic vascular dysfunction. Because the turnover of and the potential to modulate iNOS by adenosine in experimental diabetes have not been explored, we hypothesized that both the adenosine system and control of iNOS function are impaired in VSMCs from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin once to induce diabetes. Aortic VSMCs from diabetic and nondiabetic rats were isolated, cultured and exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus a cytokine mix for 24 h in the presence or absence of (1) exogenous adenosine and related compounds, and/or (2) pharmacological agents affecting adenosine turnover. iNOS functional expression was determined by immunoblotting and NO metabolite assays. Concentrations of adenosine, related compounds and metabolites thereof were assayed by HPLC. Vasomotor responses to adenosine were determined in endothelium-deprived aortic rings. RESULTS: Treatment with adenosine-degrading enzymes or receptor antagonists increased iNOS formation in activated VSMCs from nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Following treatment with the adenosine transport inhibitor NBTI, iNOS levels increased in nondiabetic but decreased in diabetic VSMCs. The amount of secreted NO metabolites was uncoupled from iNOS levels in diabetic VSMCs. Addition of high concentrations of adenosine and its precursors or analogues enhanced iNOS formation solely in diabetic VSMCs. Exogenous adenosine and AMP were completely removed from the culture medium and converted into metabolites. A tendency towards elevated inosine generation was observed in diabetic VSMCs, which were also less sensitive to CD73 inhibition, but inosine supplementation did not affect iNOS levels. Pharmacological inhibition of NOS abolished adenosine-induced vasorelaxation in aortic tissues from diabetic but not nondiabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous adenosine prevented cytokine- and LPS-induced iNOS activation in VSMCs. By contrast, supplementation with adenosine and its precursors or analogues enhanced iNOS levels in diabetic VSMCs. This effect was associated with alterations in exogenous adenosine turnover. Thus, overactivation of the adenosine system may foster iNOS-mediated diabetic vascular dysfunction

Urban mobility, socioeconomic and urban transport variables in metropolitan areas in three continents

[EN] Transportation is the soul of urban cities. Find sustainable ways to keep people moving in our cities is more important than ever. Historically, cities have developed in different ways. Each has its own personality and complexity. But in all cases, transport and mobility have played a key role in city life. Due to the relevance of mobility this article tries to establish the relationship between some variables. The method was developed by collecting, analyzing and comparing data on metropolitan regions in North America, South America, Europe and Oceania through a mathematical model. From each selected location the following data were gathered: population, area (km²), demographic density (inhab/km²), socio-economic aspects (annual GDP per capita), transport system (subway extension), number of trips per person per day and modal split (% non-motorized, % public transport and % private transport). In this study we analyze some variables that influence the number of trips per person per day. Understanding the associations between all the variables that influence the number of trips per person per day contributes the planners to determine whether changes are needed to improve in the transport system in the metropolitan region.Costa, FC.; Nassi, C. (2016). Urban mobility, socioeconomic and urban transport variables in metropolitan areas in three continents. En XII Congreso de ingeniería del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (España). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 2054-2064. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3763OCS2054206

Lo sviluppo di un sistema di gestione del verde urbano mediante l'utilizzo di un software WebGIS Open Source. La riduzione della spesa pubblica come stimolo per cercare di mantenere e migliorare il livello dei servizi a tutto vantaggio per i cittadini europei.

La scelta di una pubblica amministrazione di sviluppare, migliorare o semplicemente mantenere un servizio, oggi deve fare i conti con una riduzione di risorse economiche anche considerevoli. L'approccio a un sistema realmente collaborativo, l'utilizzo di risorse disponibili, l'integrazione dei dati laddove necessari, potrebbe permettere di avere uno strumento altrettanto valido per la gestione grafica delle informazioni. Pur non rappresentando una novità, l'aver lavorato al problema della gestione del verde urbano ha rappresentato l'occasione per poter mostrare la versatilità di un sistema, ipotizzandone possibili ulteriori sviluppi futuri. I limiti che ci siamo dati sono stati quelli di : utilizzare strumenti disponibili, limitare i costi al minimo, ottenere un risultato utile e valido sia per l'Ente Gestore che per gli utenti finali ed infine migliorare il livello di servizio. Alcuni software open source disponibili ci hanno aiutato in questo compito, ciò non toglie la possibilità di scegliere ed utilizzare altri prodotti commerciali dedicati e specifici.JRC.C.4-Maintenance and Utilitie