Représentation syndicale et transition libérale en Égypte

Cette recherche s'inscrit dans notre étude sur les mutations de la scène politique et économique de l'Égypte urbaine et rurale, ainsi que sur les différents modes d'expression des groupes sociaux, depuis le début de la libéralisation économique dans les années soixante-dix. Le présent article analyse la représentation syndicale des travailleurs à travers une double lecture°: celle de l'organisation de la Fédération générale des syndicats de travailleurs d'Égypte (FGSTE) – syndicat unique repr..

Une lecture politique de l’expérience constitutionnelle égyptienne

La création d'une instance judiciaire suprême, chargée de contrôler la conformité à la Constitution des lois promulguées par le pouvoir législatif, constitue un pas vers l'établissement d'un État de droit. En Égypte, elle a traduit une nouvelle configuration de l'équilibre entre les pouvoirs publics et marqué une évolution sociale et politique décisive : un processus de changement de l'identité économique, sociale et politique de l'État. Ce changement s'est opéré à travers un conflit de pensé..

Patterns and themes in Shakespeare's early comedies

The Dissertation is a two-part study of Shakespeare's Patterns and Themes in the Early Comedies. The First Part is concerned with the diversity of intellectual construction revealed by the plays seriatim. Chapter 1 focuses on the Quest Pattern in The Comedy of Errors, and its function in clarifying the play's thematic complications. Chapter 2 takes a close look at the Pattern of Classical Allusions in The Taming Of the Shrew. Chapter 3 examines four integrating structural elements in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, which contribute both individually and collectively to the total meaning of the play. Chapter 4 explores the Morality Pattern implanted in Love's Labour's Lost, behind the barrier of artifice which separates Navarre from the outside world. The Second Part centres on the plays' versatile thematic preoccupation. Chapter 5 discusses the Debate about Marriage in The Comedy of Errors, a play written at a time when the controversy over women and their position in marriage particularly, had reached its apogee. Chapter 6 examines The Taming of the Shrew as an academic drama set in Renaissance Italy, in which an experience of Education is provided for the benefit of its characters and audience alike. Chapter 7 analyses the literary theme of Alienation in The Two Gentlemen of Verona, and shows how it is ultimately resolved in a state of social communion at the end of the play. Chapter 8 deals with the Religious Dimension in Love's Labour's Lost--the Christian view which emerges from the play and which is based on the teaching and imagery of Holy Scripture. The plays become more interesting when the link between their respective patterns and themes is probed. The associations of home enhanced by the journeys of the Errors bear a strong relationship to the male/female attitudes to domesticity and household stability. Similarly, the Shrew's wonders, achieved against all odds by Petruchio, are doubly stressed by the process of education. The pattern of reconciliations in The Two Gentlemen complements its theme by conquering the alienations. Likewise, the Morality element in Love's Labour's Lost overlaps the play's Christian connotations

Flow Cytometry of Breast Cancer Resistant Protein and microRNA in Breast Cancer Patients Post Metformin Effect

The goal of the present study is to investigate the role of metformin (MF) as a target of miRNAs in breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) inhibition in an attempt to develop treatment strategies that may improve the response of breast cancer (BC) patients to chemotherapy (CT). In order to fulfill this target, non-diabetic female subjects were categorized into three groups: control group (group 1) (n=5), CT group of BC patients (group 2) (n=25) and CT plus MF group of BC patients (group 3) (n=25). All patients were subjected to full history taking, laboratory studies including mammogram, chest X-ray, pelvic-abdominal ultrasound and isotopic bone scan, in addition to ER and PR states. CT group was treated with neoadjuvent CT in the form of 5-FU (500 mg/m2), Adriamycin (50 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2). Flow cytometry (FC) of BCRP and MiRNA was carried out on blood samples at every cycle of treatment for all partners. The results showed the presence of miRNA was higher than the presence of BCRP in the normal healthy control group. In most cases of CT and CT plus MF groups (group 2, 3) it was well noticed that the amount of BCRP in the blood samples exceeded that of miRNA illustrated the dysregulation of miRNA in BC patients and also to prove the basic role of BCRP as a multidrug resistance (MDR) for chemotherapeutic agents in patients with BC. It is concluded that the role of MF was well proved in targeting of miRNA to reinforce BC medication, so oncologists can be advised to use MF equivalent to CT in the recommended doses

A novel salt- and organic solvent-tolerant phosphite dehydrogenase from Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142

Phosphite dehydrogenase (PtxD) is a promising enzyme for NAD(P)H regeneration. To expand the usability of PtxD, we cloned, expressed, and analyzed PtxD from the marine cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 (Ct-PtxD). Ct-PtxD exhibited maximum activity at pH 9.0°C and 50°C and high stability over a wide pH range of 6.0–10.0. Compared to previously reported PtxDs, Ct-PtxD showed increased resistance to salt ions such as Na+, K+, and NH4+. It also exhibited high tolerance to organic solvents such as ethanol, dimethylformamide, and methanol when bound to its preferred cofactor, NAD+. Remarkably, these organic solvents enhanced the Ct-PtxD activity while inhibiting the PtxD activity of Ralstonia sp. 4506 (Rs-PtxD) at concentrations ranging from 10% to 30%. Molecular electrostatic potential analysis showed that the NAD+-binding site of Ct-PtxD was rich in positively charged residues, which may attract the negatively charged pyrophosphate group of NAD+ under high-salt conditions. Amino acid composition analysis revealed that Ct-PtxD contained fewer hydrophobic amino acids than other PtxD enzymes, which reduced the hydrophobicity and increased the hydration of protein surface under low water activity. We also demonstrated that the NADH regeneration system using Ct-PtxD is useful for the coupled chiral conversion of trimethylpyruvic acid into L-tert-leucine using leucine dehydrogenase under high ammonium conditions, which is less supported by the Rs-PtxD enzyme. These results imply that Ct-PtxD might be a potential candidate for NAD(P)H regeneration in industrial applications under the reaction conditions containing salt and organic solvent

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised