A study of butanol production in a batch oscillatory baffled bioreactor

PhD ThesisAs with many bioprocesses, the acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation faces a number of economic drawbacks when compared to the petrochemical route for butanol production. In the 1920s biobutanol was the second largest biotechnology industry, after bioethanol production. However it became difficult to compete against the petrochemical route for reasons including the low product butanol concentration, because of product inhibition resulted in low butanol productivity and due to slow fermentation and low ABE yields. These lead to uneconomical butanol recovery by the conventional method, distillation, due to the high degree of dilution. Recent interest in biobutanol as a biofuel has led to re-examination of ABE fermentation with the aim of improving solvent yield, volumetric productivity and final solvent concentration to reduce the cost of production and thereby produce biobutanol that is cost-competitive with the chemical synthesis butanol. ABE fermentations were carried out in an intensified plug flow reactor known as the batch oscillatory baffled bioreactor (BOBB). The “BOBB”s were designed and built for this project. The effect of oscillatory flow mixing on ABE fermentation was compared to that of conventional stirred tank reactors (STRs) at power densities in the range 0 to 1.14 Wm⁻³. The maximum butanol concentration in this range in a BOBB was 34% higher than the STR. Some increase in butanol productivity was also observed: 0.13 gL⁻¹h⁻¹ in BOBBs, compared to 0.11 gL⁻¹h⁻¹ in the STRs. It can be concluded that at similar power densities, BOBB fermentation shifts to solventogenesis earlier than in STRs, resulting in higher solvent productivity. It is hypothesised that the reason for early solventogenesis in the BOBB was the higher solvent-producing cell concentration, due to the more uniform shear field in the BOBB, so the cell would be less exposed to high shear thereby reducing the risk of cell lysis. Two-stage ABE fermentations in BOBB increased the butanol productivity by up to 37.5% over the one-stage fermentation. Butanol productivity was further increased by 97% when gas stripping was integrated to the two-stage ABE fermentation. While the one-stage fermentation integrated with gas stripping increased the butanol productivity by 69% to 0.12 gL⁻¹h⁻¹ (as opposed to 0.071 gL⁻¹h⁻¹ in a similar fermentation without gas stripping). A simple model to describe the one-stage at oscillatory Reynolds number (Re₀) 0 and 938, and the two-stage ABE fermentation in BOBB II was developed. The model summarizes the physiological aspects of growth and metabolite synthesis by Clostridium GBL1082. The prediction of the models were in good agreement with experimental results incorporating mixing (Re₀938) and moderately agreed with results from Re₀0 and the two-stage fermentation.Technology Strategy Board (TSB),The School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials (CEAM), Newcastle University and Green Biologics Ltd: WH Partnership Ltd: The Malaysian Government, Ministry of Higher Education and University Malaysia, Pahang

The Influence of Loosepart Media in Enhancing Early Childhood Creativity

It is undeniable that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on society, especially in early childhood. Government policies to study from home increase stress both among parents and students. Teachers must design fun learning for children to attract children's interest in learning from home. This study provides an overview of the influence of loose part materials on children's creativity to provide an overview to educators and parents to utilize loose part materials in the surrounding environment. This research is qualitative descriptive research with the subjects in this study were children aged 4-7 years. Meanwhile, the sources of information or informants can be teachers and parents. Data collection in the field using observation, interviews,  and documentation. The analysis technique used is a data reduction technique to focus attention and select the data needed in research, presentation of data, and withdrawal of conclusions. The results show that loose part media has a tremendous influence on the development of children's creativity. Children can explore and experiment with loose parts to form works according to their imagination

Konsep Pemberian Reward dan Punishment dalam Mendidik Kedisiplinan Pada Anak Usia Dini

ABSTRAK Nasratun Najiha, (2020): Konsep Pemberian Reward dan Punishment dalam Mendidik Kedisiplinan Pada Anak Usia Dini Mendidik kedisiplinan pada anak usia dini bukanlah perkara yang mudah, dibutuhkan pembiasaan dan ketekunan dalam membentuk perilaku sesuai dengan peran yang sudah ditetapkan dalam lingkungan kelompok, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsep pemberian reward dan punishment dalam mendidik kedisiplinan pada anak usia dini. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pustaka atau library research. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah sumber primer dan sekunder. Dengan teknik pengumpulan datanya riset kepustakaan. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu content analysis (kajian isi). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep pemberian reward dan punishment berperan postif dalam mendidik kedisiplinan pada anak usia dini, sehingga pemberian reward dan punishment digunakan oleh guru dan orang tua sebagai salah satu alat pendidikan kedisiplinan di sekolah maupun dirumah dan dapat pula memicu anak usia dini dalam membiasakan hal-hal yang sesuai dengan aturan yang ada lingkungan terutama lingkungan dalam proses pembelajaran. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa reward dan punishment merupakan unsur disiplin belajar yang memperkuat kedisiplinan dan menyadarkan anak atas kesalahan yang diperbuatnya yang berdasarkan nilai-nilai kasih sayang pada anak. Kata Kunci: Kedisiplinan, Reward dan Punishmen

PENGARUH TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN DAN PUBLISITAS TERHADAP CITRA PERUSAHAAN PT. BANK ACEH

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Tanggung Jawab Sosial (CSR) dan publisitas terhadap citra perusahaan PT Bank Aceh. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 172 orang nasabah bank tersebut yang diambil secara convenience sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan menggunakan peralatan statistik regresi linear sederhana. Penelitian menemukan bahwa Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (CSR) dan publisitas berpengaruh positif terhadap citra perusahaan PT Bank Aceh. Semakin baik Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan dan publisitas, akan semakin baik pula citra perusahaan perbankan tersebut dimata nasabahnya. Hubungan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan dan publisitas dengan citra perusahaan PT Bank Aceh tergolong erat. Hasil pengujian statistik uji f atau secara simultan menunjukkan bahwa dua variabel independen yang ditelitiberpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap citra perusahaan PT Bank Aceh, ini diperoleh karena nilai Fhitung> Ftabel pada tingkat signifikansi @= 5%. Berdasarkan hasil Uji t (secara parsial) menunjukkkan bahwa pengaruh Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan (CSR) dan publisitas mempunyai pengaruh signifikansi terhadap citra perusahaan PT Bank Aceh.Kata Kunci : Tanggang Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, Publisitas, Citra Perusahaa

A statistical study of factors affecting natural biovinegar fermentation from pineapple peel waste

The objective of this work was to screen and evaluate the significant parameter which affected the natural fermentation of pineapple biovinegar. In this work, peel waste from local breed pineapple (Royal Pepina) was fermented naturally to produce an aromatic biovinegar. Full factorial design of Design Expert® was used to develop a random experimental run in which six parameters were screened off. They were the fermentation temperature (27 – 50 °C), fermentation time (5 – 28 days), fermentation condition (anaerobic and aerobic), the addition of glucose (0 – 7 %), the addition of yeast (0 – 0.3 %), and peel waste condition (slurry & juice). Three parameters were identified as significant factors, which were the condition of fermentation, fermentation temperature, and addition of glucose. The ANOVA of the model was statistically significant with R2 of 0.9948. The pineapple biovinegar produced in this work contained 3.18 % reducing sugar, 1.03 % ethanol, 3.03 % acid, 0.61 % acetic acid, 1.43 mg equi. AA/100mL ascorbic acid, pH of 3.16, 4.0 % sucrose, 8.0 °Brix total soluble solid, and 82.06 % DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of antioxidant in biovinegar. This result stood second highest after apple cider biovinegar when compared to commercially available biovinegar

Performance of oscillatory flow reactor and stir tank reactor in solvent fermentation from palm oil mill effluent

Advance in mixing technology has developed a new way of mixing fluids by introducing an oscillatory motion to replace the conventional mechanical agitation or an air bubble displacement. This new way of mixing breakthrough has been implemented in an Oscillatory Flow Reactor (OFR). This research will be focus on the performance of OFR as a bioreactor by comparing with Stir Tank Reactor (STR), which is the traditional device in fermentation. The experimental work was conducted in an OFR and a STR with a working volume of 1.5 l. Solvent production strain, Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIMB 13357 was grown in OFR and STR, using fresh Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as growth medium. All of the experiments were conducted anaerobically under batch mode for 72 hours at constant temperature of 35°C. Comparisons of the growth trend and solvent fermentation performance for both devices were investigated. Total solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol) produced in an OFR was comparable with that of STR. Total solvents production in OFR is 1.8 times higher than that of STR resulted in total 1.6 g/l of solvents. The results of this investigation showed that OFR has an excellent potential as an alternative device in fermentation processes

The Role of Parents in Stimulating Early Children's Language Development Through Smartphone Use

Language is a relatively essential means of communication to pay attention to and develop in early childhood, starting from children who have not yet learned the sounds of language, the vocabulary of letters and phrases, to assembling simple sentences. In this case, parents, teachers, and the surrounding community are responsible for children's language development through digital media, one of which is media use. This study aims to describe the role of caregivers in stimulating children's language development through smartphone media. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, through primary data as a source of research data originating from related parties obtained from respondents; this study uses a questionnaire data collection technique with two closed answers (yes/no) and is equipped with open questions obtained online through the Google forms platform. The data analysis technique is an interactive model carried out through three stages: data reduction, presentation, and verification. The results of this study explain that the use of wise parental supervision will be more effective and effective in increasing the stimulation of children's language development because parents control every child's activity at home. It can be seen from the duration of use. In early childhood, it reaches 47% in the range of 2-3 hours per day, and the application often used by children is YouTube as a way for children to gain mastery of language both orally and in writing. The study results show that caregivers' role in stimulating children's language development is crucial; this can be proven by children who think broadly and are skilled at communicating

Optimization of process factor and characterization of vinegar-like beverage production via spontaneous fermentation from pineapple peel waste

A feasible approach to compensating for pineapple wastage is by utilizing the waste. In the present study, pineapple peels were subjected to spontaneous fermentation to produce a vinegar-like beverage. Based on the central composite design (CCD) approach, optimization of the process factor recorded a maximum total acid yield, Yp/s, and total acidity of 0.49 and 3.03%, respectively. Furthermore, the beverage possessed increased tartaric, citric, ascorbic, acetic, and ferulic acids at a maximum of 1.196%. The cytotoxicity activity toward the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line documented a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 3.4% v/v of the beverage. This study showcased optimized vinegar-like beverage production by indigenous microorganisms (IMO) with pineapple peel. The beverage contained improved organic and phenolic acids contents and antioxidant potential, which could be employed as a possible human colorectal cancer cure