On the Finsler geometry of the Heisenberg group H2n+1H_{2n+1} and its extension

summary:We first classify left invariant Douglas $(\alpha , \beta )$-metrics on the Heisenberg group $H_{2n+1}$ of dimension $2n + 1$ and its extension i.e., oscillator group. Then we explicitly give the flag curvature formulas and geodesic vectors for these spaces, when equipped with these metrics. We also explicitly obtain $S$-curvature formulas of left invariant Randers metrics of Douglas type on these spaces and obtain a comparison on geometry of these spaces, when equipped with left invariant Douglas $(\alpha , \beta )$-metrics. More exactly, we show that although the results concerning bi-invariant Douglas $(\alpha ,\beta )$-metrics on these spaces are similar, several results concerning left invariant Douglas $(\alpha ,\beta )$-metrics on these spaces are different. For example we prove that the existence of left-invariant Matsumoto, Kropina and Randers metrics of Berwald type on oscillator groups can not extend to Heisenberg groups. Also we prove that oscillator groups have always vanishing $S$-curvature, whereas this can not occur on Heisenberg groups. Moreover, we prove that there exist new geodesic vectors on oscillator groups which can not extend to the Heisenberg groups

The modulatory effect of CA1 5HT 4 receptors on memory acquisition deficit induced by harmaline

     The plethora of studies indicated that there is a cross talk relationship between harmaline and serotonergic (5-HT) system on cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors. Thus, the purpose of this study is assessment the effects of CA1 5-HT4 receptor on memory acquisition deficit induced by harmaline. Harmaline was injected peritoneally, while 5-HT4 receptor agonist (RS67333) and antagonist (RS23597-190) were injected intra-CA1. For memory measurement,a single-trial step-down passive avoidance apparatus was used. The data revealed that pre-training injection of higher dose of harmaline (1 mg/kg), RS67333 (0.5 ng/mouse) and RS23597-190 (0.5 ng/mouse)decreased memory acquisitionprocess in the adult mice. Moreover, concurrent pre-training administration of subthreshold doseof RS67333 (0.005 ng/mouse) orRS23597-190 (0.005 ng/mouse)with subthreshold dose of harmaline (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.)intensify impairment of memory acquisition. All above interventions did not change locomotion and tail flick behaviors. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the synergistic effect between both CA1 5-HT4 receptor agonist and antagonist with impairment of memory acquisition induced by harmaline, indicating a modulatory effect for CA1 5HT4 receptor on Harmaline induced amnesia.

Cholestasis impaired spatial and non-spatial novelty detection in mice

Bile duct ligation (BDL) is shown to induce cholestasis-related liver function impairments as well as consequent cognitive dysfunctions (i.e. impaired learning and memory formation). This study investigates the effects of cholestasis (14, 21 and 28 days post bile duct ligation) on spatial and non-spatial novelty detection, using a non-associative task. Male mice weighing 30-35 g were used. Cholestasis was induced by ligation of the main bile duct using two ligatures and transecting the duct at the midpoint between them. Open field paradigm was employed to assess the spatial and non-spatial memories retention. Our data showed that cholestasis (28 days after bile duct ligation) decrease and increased duration time of displace and non-displace objects respectively, indicating spatial memory deficit. Moreover, this intervention (28 days after bile duct ligation) decreased and did not alter duration time of substitute and non-substitute objects respectively, suggesting non-spatial memory deficit. Moreover, the data postulated that 14 and 21 days post bile duct ligation both spatial and non-spatial memories did not alter. Our results suggested that cholestasis (28 but not 14 and 21 days post bile duct ligation) impaired spatial and non-spatial memory in the mice

Industrial Pesticides and a Methods Assessment for the Reduction of Associated Risks: A Review

Regarding the increasing growth of the population and importance of food security, Iranian Ministry of Agriculture has prioritized and encouraged greenhouse farming products. One of the developmental challenges of greenhouse farming is the current extensive use of chemical fertilizers. Importantly, as raw agricultural products are the main ingredients on the table of Iranian families  (Iranians generally tend to eat fresh products), the determination of pesticide residues in such products is of utmost importance. The penetration of resistant contaminants into freshwater resources can lead to detrimental effects on humans and the environment. Concerning the importance of environmental protection and the role of chemical pesticides, this study reviews the pesticides used in the agronomic sector and the associated risks of using chemicals to control pests for society, agriculture, freshwater resources, and the environment.Keywords: Environment; Water resources; Agriculture; Health; Biological metho

Improving Energy Efficiency in MANETs by Multi-Path Routing

Some multi-path routing algorithm in MANET, simultaneously send information to the destination through several directions to reduce end-to-end delay. In all these algorithms, the sent traffic through a path affects the adjacent path and unintentionally increases the delay due to the use of adjacent paths. Because, there are repetitive competitions among neighboring nodes, in order to obtain the joint channel in adjacent paths. The represented algorithm in this study tries to discover the distinct paths between source and destination nodes with using Omni directional antennas, to send information through these simultaneously. For this purpose, the number of active neighbors is counted in each direction with using a strategy. These criterions are effectively used to select routes. Proposed algorithm is based on AODV routing algorithm, and in the end it is compared with AOMDV, AODVM, and IZM-DSR algorithms which are multi-path routing algorithms based on AODV and DSR. Simulation results show that using the proposed algorithm creates a significant improvement in energy efficiency and reducing end-to-end delay

The Effect of Harmane on Hyperalgesia Induced by Stressed Male Mice in the Presence and Absence of Moderated Exercise

Introduction: Physical exercise has positive effects on stress-induced pain response, while chronic stress persuades a negative effect on cognitive functions. Depending on the nature, duration and intensity of the stressor, it can repress pain (stress-induced analgesia) or exacerbate pain (stress-induced hyperalgesia). Furthermore, beneficial effects of Harmane on stress processes have been reported in rodents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Harmane and moderate physical activity (associated or not) on pain response in restraint stressed mice.Materials and Methods: Harmane was injected intraperitoneally at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, every other day until 28 days, and pain response of the adult NMRI mice was detected using the hot-plate testResults: The results exhibited that Harmane, at all doses used, did not alter pain perception in mice; however, 3- but not 6 and 9-day restraint stress (3 hours per day) induced hyperalgesia per se. In addition, Harmane reduced hyperalgesia in 3-day stressed mice, while moderate treadmill running (10 m/min for 30 min/day, 5 day/week) caused hyperalgesia in 6- and 9-day stressed mice. Furthermore, the hyperalgesia induced by moderate treadmill running in 9-day stressed mice restored by Harmane.Conclusion: The findings indicated that Harmane has a protective effect on hyperalgesia induced by stress per se or potentiated effect of moderate treadmill running in stressed mice

Infographics and Routing of Tourism Sites of Tourist Cities

The contemporary world is a space full of messages, and information that is exchanged constantly. All the urban visual effects (whether in open spaces or huge images, or in closed public places), have a special visual expression power that defines how they can be used in the field of environmental graphic design. Large and tourist cities face many problems. Problems related to tourist may arise in communicating tour guide such as the weakness of the information system in identifying tourist sites, the lack of adequate facilities on sites such as maps, movies and educational boards. In tourist cities, one observes that environmentally graphic elements is not used and have no vitality and designed related to the urban texture. The present study, attempts to design and present a model based on informative environmental graphics to determine the specific route of tourism in order to know the space of urban tourism sites. Considering that the purpose of this research is to use the capabilities and functions of environmental graphics in the historical space of tourist cities and finally to provide a model to determine the routing infographic, so in terms of purpose it is practical - development. When studies done related to the scientific principles of environmental graphic design with aesthetic language as an effective tool in facilitating the routing of tourists and paying attention to special tourist routes, it is also based on descriptive-analytical research method. The environmental graphics at Naghsh-e Jahan Square do not respond to the rapid growth and development of this tourist site. This is because in many cases not only it does not convey information to the audience, but causes confusion and difficulty. Most of the environmental graphic factors in Naghsh Jahan Square are not in their proper place and therefore have lost their features and have only made this space more crowded. Therefore, with the proposed model of this research, domestic and foreign audiences can become more familiar and use the facilities and attractions of tourist sites

Fluoride removal from drinking water using the combination of electro and chemical coagulation processes

Background and Aims: Fluoride is a toxic chemical for human. The present study was aimed to investigate fluoride removal from urban drinking water by the combination of batch electrochemical reactor, using copper-copper electrodes, and poly aluminum chloride (PAC) as chemical coagulant.Materials and Methods: Fluoride contaminated drinking water samples were prepared and thence the effect of different variables including pH (4.2-9), initial fluoride concentration (3-9 mg/L), contact time (10-40 min), PAC concentration (10-50 mg/L), distance between electrodes (1.5 cm), and current density (1.5-4.5 mW/cm2) on fluoride removal efficiency was studied.Results: The experimental results have shown that the maximum removal efficiency of 87.0% was obtained in the electrochemical reactor for 9 mg F-/L at 1.5 cm distance between electrodes, current density of 4.5 mA/cm2, electrolysis time of 40 min and pH 7.5. Similarly, the maximum fluoride removal (100%) was obtained when the operating conditions were set as electrode distance 1.5 cm, current density 3 mA/cm2, electrolysis time 40 min and pH 7.5. Incorporating PAC in electrochemical reactor resulted in a very high fluoride removal (over 99%) from high-fluoride water (9 mg/L) when distance between electrodes, current density, contact time, and pH were 1.5 cm, 4.5 mA/cm2, 10 min and 7.5, respectively. At a contact time of 10 min, pH 7.5 and 10 mg PAC/L, the enhanced coagulation achieved a complete fluoride removal (100%) when the distance between electrodes and current density were respectively 1.5 cm and 4.5 mA/cm2.Conclusion: It has been found that fluoride removal from high-fluoride contaminated water in an electrochemical batch reactor is practicable. The enhanced coagulation process with copper-copper electrodes and PAC was more effective for fluoride removal as compared with the use of batch electrochemical reactor solely.Key words: Copper electrode, drinking water, electrochemical, Fluoride, poly aluminum chloride

The involvement of hippocampal CA3 TRP channels in anxiety and avoidance memory consolidation in rats tested in elevated plus maze

    In the current study, we assessed the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels on avoidance memory and anxiety states in CA3 area of the hippocampus. We explored the anxiety and avoidance memory states using test-retest protocol in the elevated plus maze to understand whether TRP channels can affect the above mentioned states in CA3 area. To investigate the consolidation phase of memory, the drugs were injected into the CA3 region before the test. Our data showed that the application of SKF-96365 did not alter anxiety-like behaviors but induced avoidance memory impairment. It was revealed that CA3 TRP channels could affect the avoidance memory consolidation and their role must be considered in future research

Does Tuberculosis Have a Seasonal Pattern among Migrant Population Entering Iran?

Background: There are few quantitative documents about the seasonal incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among immigrant populations. Concerning the significant role of recognizing seasonal changes of TB in improving the TB control program, this study determines the trend and seasonal temporal changes of TB among immigrants entering Iran. Methods:In this longitudinal study, data from the Iranian TB register Program (from 2005 to 2011) was used. The aggregated number of monthly and seasonal TB cases was obtained by adding the daily counts. Data was analyzed by Chi-square, Independent T-test, ANOVA, and Poisson regression using Stata 11 and SPSS 20 software. Results: Among 74,155 registered patients with TB, 14.3% (10,587) were non-Iranian who had immigrated to Iran from 29 different countries. The highest aggregated number of seasonal and monthly incidence of TB in immigrants was observed in spring (2824, P= 0.007) and in May (1037, P< 0.001). The number of non-Iranian patients with TB increased significantly over the years (β= 0.016, P= 0.001). Conclusion: This study shows that immigrants constitute a significant portion of TB patients recorded in Iran and this trend is increasing. Also, the peak incidence of this disease is the second month of the spring