Real-world evaluation of the impact of statin intensity on adherence and persistence to therapy : a Scottish population-based study

Aim: To assess associations between statin intensity and adherence, persistence and discontinuation of statin therapy in Scotland. Method: Retrospective cohort study, using linked electronic health records covering a period from January 2009 to December 2016. The study cohort included adult patients (≥18 years) newly initiating statins within Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Scotland. Study outcomes comprised adherence, discontinuation and persistence to treatment, stratified by three exposure groups (high, moderate and low intensity). Discontinuation and persistence were calculated using the refill-gap and anniversary methods, respectively. Proportion of days covered (PDC) was used as a proxy for adherence. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate discontinuation, and associations between adherence/persistence and statin intensity were assessed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 73 716 patients with a mean age of 61.4 ± 12.6 years were included; the majority (88.3%) received moderate intensity statins. Discontinuation rates differed between intensity levels, with high-intensity patients less likely to discontinue treatment compared to those on moderate intensity (prior cardiovascular disease [CVD]: HR 0.43 [95% CI 0.34-0.55]; no prior CVD: 0.80 [0.74-0.86]). Persistence declined over time, and high-intensity patients had the highest persistence rates. Overall, 52.6% of patients were adherent to treatment (PDC ≥ 80%), but adherence was considerably higher among high-intensity patients (63.7%). Conclusion: High-intensity statins were associated with better persistence and adherence to treatment, but overall long-term persistence and adherence remain a challenge, particularly among patients without prior CVD. This needs addressing

Influence of pharmaceutical services organization on the availability of essential medicines in a public health system

Objective: To evaluate the influence of organizational structure and technical-management activities on the availability of essential medicines in the primary healthcare. Materials methods: Cross-sectional, exploratory and evaluative study. The availability was evaluated according to parameters established by the WHO. Results: The average availability of standardized essential medicines was 83.3 and 73.3% for medicines purchased centrally by the Brazilian government. Among the therapeutic groups evaluated, the lowest average availability were for the tuberculostatics (24.1%) and psychotropic/special control medicines (30.3%). Conclusion: The availability of essential medicines was positively influenced by the presence of the pharmacist and by the computerized system deployed, and negatively associated with essential medicines purchased centrally by the federal government, especially in the smaller municipalities

Disponibilidade de medicamentos essenciais na atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde

Objetivo: caracterizar a disponibilidade física de medicamentos traçadores nos serviços de assistência farmacêutica na atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: estudo transversal de natureza avaliativa, integrante da Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015. Para a análise da disponibilidade física, foram verificados 50 itens selecionados da Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais 2012. Roteiros de observação foram aplicados nos serviços de dispensação de medicamentos na atenção primária. Foram realizadas entrevistas com usuários, profissionais de saúde e gestores municipais, por meio de questionários semiestruturados. O índice de disponibilidade foi apresentado como o percentual de unidades de saúde onde os medicamentos estavam disponíveis. Para a análise estatística foram apresentadas frequências absolutas, relativas e médias (com intervalos de 95% de confiança). A comparação de grupos foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou análise de variância, quando adequados. Resultados: foram preenchidos 1.175 roteiros de observação em amostra nacional representativa composta por 273 municípios. Observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação ao tipo de unidade, infraestrutura e presença do profissional farmacêutico entre as regiões do Brasil. A disponibilidade média dos medicamentos traçadores na atenção primária foi de 52,9%, com diferenças entre regiões e estratos amostrais. Quando analisados todos os medicamentos, exceto os fitoterápicos, o índice elevou para 62,5%. Verificou-se disponibilidade inadequada de medicamentos para o tratamento de doenças crônicas e para doenças epidemiologicamente importantes, como a tuberculose e a sífilis congênita. Conclusões: a baixa disponibilidade de medicamentos de aquisição centralizada indica possíveis deficiências na gestão da cadeia logística. As diferentes percepções sobre a disponibilidade dos medicamentos traçadores no SUS corroboram com os índices de disponibilidade geral verificados pelo estudo. Dentre os usuários, aproximadamente 60% afirmaram obter os medicamentos que necessitaram nas unidades do SUS, informação coerente com a falta de medicamentos relatada pelos responsáveis pela dispensação de medicamentos e com a avaliação dos médicos.Objetive: to characterize the availability of tracer medicines in pharmaceutical services in primary health care of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Methods: this is a cross-sectional and evaluative study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional Sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). To analyze the availability of medicines, we verified 50 items selected from the Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (Rename – National List of Essential Medicines) of 2012. Observation scripts were applied to medicine dispensing services in the primary health care. Interviews were carried out with patients, health care professionals, and public managers, using semi-structured questionnaires. The availability index was presented as the percentage of health units where the medicines were available. For statistical analysis, absolute, relative, and mean frequencies were presented (with 95% confidence intervals). The comparison of groups was carried out by Pearson Chi-square tests or variance analysis, when needed. Results: one thousand, one hundred, and seventy-five observation scripts were filled in a national representative sample composed by 273 cities. Statistically significant differences were observed regarding the type of unit, infrastructure, and presence of a pharmacist between regions of Brazil. The average availability of tracer medicines in primary health care was 52.9%, with differences between regions and sampling strata. This index increased to 62.5% when phytotherapic medicines were excluded. We found limited availability of medicines for treatment of chronic and epidemiological diseases, such as tuberculosis and congenital syphilis. Conclusions: the low availability of essential medicines purchased centrally by the Brazilian Ministry of Health indicates deficiencies in supply chain management. The different views on the availability of tracer medicines in SUS confirm the general availability verified in this study. Among patients, about 60% said they obtain medicines in SUS units, data consistent with the lack of medicines reported by medicine dispensers and in line with physicians’ evaluations

Polifarmácia : uma realidade na atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde

Objetivo: caracterizar a polifarmácia em usuários da atenção primária e identificar fatores a ela associados. Métodos: estudo transversal, exploratório, de natureza avaliativa, integrante do Componente Serviços da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos, 2015. A variável de interesse foi a polifarmácia, definida como o uso de cinco ou mais medicamentos. Buscou-se identificar a associação de variáveis sociodemográficas e indicadores de condições de saúde à polifarmácia. Para a comparação de grupos utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. A associação entre polifarmácia e variáveis explicativas foi avaliada por modelo de regressão logística (p < 0,05). A qualidade do ajuste foi verificada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Resultados: a prevalência de polifarmácia entre os usuários de medicamentos foi de 9,4% (IC95% 7,8–12,0) na população geral e de 18,1% (IC95% 13,6–22,8) em idosos acima de 65 anos. Houve associação estatisticamente significante entre polifarmácia e faixa etária acima de 45 anos, baixa autopercepção de saúde, presença de doenças crônicas, ter plano de saúde, atendimento em serviço de emergência e região do país. Usuários do Sul apresentaram as maiores chances para polifarmácia. Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram os do aparelho cardiovascular, sendo compatível com o perfil epidemiológico nacional. Conclusões: a polifarmácia é uma realidade na população atendida no âmbito da atenção primária do Sistema Único de Saúde e pode estar relacionada ao uso exacerbado ou inapropriado de medicamentos. O principal desafio para qualificar a atenção em saúde é garantir que a prescrição de múltiplos medicamentos seja apropriada e segura.Objective: to characterize the polypharmacy in primary health care patients and to identify its associated factors. Methods: this is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study, part of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos – Serviços, 2015 (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services, 2015). The variable of interest was polypharmacy, defined as the use of five or more medicines. We sought to identify the association of sociodemographic variables and indicators of health conditions to polypharmacy. For group comparison, the Pearson’s Chi-square test was used. The association between polypharmacy and explanatory variables was evaluated by logistic regression model (p < 0.05). The quality of the adjustment was verified by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Results: the prevalence of polypharmacy among medicine users was 9.4% (95%CI 7.8–12.0) in the general population and 18.1% (95%CI 13.6–22.8) in older adults above 65 years old. We found statistically significant association between polypharmacy and age above 45 years, lower self-perception of health, presence of chronic diseases, having health insurance, care in emergency services, and region of the Country. South users presented the highest chances to polypharmacy. The most used medicines were those of the cardiovascular system, being compatible with the national epidemiological profile. Conclusions: polypharmacy is a reality in the population met within the primary care of Brazilian Unified Health System and may be related to excessive or inappropriate use of medicines. The main challenge to qualify health care is to ensure that prescription of multiple medicines be appropriate and safe

Financiamento da assistência farmacêutica na gestão municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde

Objetivo: discutir fatores relacionados ao financiamento do Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica no âmbito da gestão municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: a Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil – Serviços é um estudo transversal, exploratório, de natureza avaliativa, que realizou levantamento de dados em amostra estratificada pelas regiões brasileiras, consideradas diferentes populações de estudo no plano de amostragem representativa de serviços de atenção primária em municípios. Os dados foram coletados em 2015, na forma presencial mediante a aplicação de roteiros de observação direta, entrevistas com usuários, médicos e responsáveis pela entrega dos medicamentos nos serviços de atenção primária e entrevistas telefônicas com gestores municipais de saúde e responsáveis municipais pela assistência farmacêutica. Os resultados foram extraídos dos questionários aplicados por telefone. Resultados: da amostra de 600 municípios elegíveis, foram coletadas 369 entrevistas (61,5%) com secretários e 507 (84,5%) com responsáveis pela assistência farmacêutica. Em 70,8% dos municípios existe sistema informatizado de gestão; e em 11,9% qualificação/capacitação dos profissionais. Mais da metade (51,3%) dos municípios receberam recursos destinados à estruturação da assistência farmacêutica, quase 60% desses municípios realizou este tipo de gastos. Em 35,4% dos casos, secretários municipais de saúde afirmaram utilizar recursos de medicamentos do Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica para cobrir demandas de outros medicamentos, mas apenas 9,7% acreditam que esses recursos são suficientes para atender à demanda. A existência de comissão permanente de licitação exclusiva para a aquisição de medicamentos foi registrada em 40,0% dos municípios. Conclusões: são graves as deficiências, a pouca preocupação com a formalidade na execução dos recursos públicos, os gastos ocorridos para atendimento de demandas individuais em detrimento da coletividade, a insuficiência de recursos destinados ao Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica e a exaustão do modelo de financiamento.Objetive: to discuss factors related to the financing of the Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services within the municipal management of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Methods: the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos no Brasil – Serviços (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines – Services) is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and evaluative study that performed an information survey in a representative sample, stratified by Brazilian regions It considered different study populations in the sampling plan, which represent primary health care services in the cities. Data were collected in 2015 by two methods: in person, by applying direct observation scripts and interviews with users, physicians, and professionals responsible for the dispensing of medicines in primary care services; by telephone interviews with municipal health managers and municipal professionals responsible for Pharmaceutical Services. The results were extracted from the questionnaires applied by telephone. Results: of the sample of 600 eligible cities, we collected 369 interviews (61.5%) with secretaries and 507 (84.5%) with pharmaceutical services managers. 70.8% of the cities have a computerized management system; and 11.9% have qualification/training of professionals. More than half (51.3%) of the cities received funds for the structuring of pharmaceutical services, and almost 60% of these cities performed this type of spending. In 35.4% of cases, municipal secretaries of health said that they use resources of medicines from the Componente Básico da Assistência Farmacêutica (CBAF – Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services) to cover demands of other medicines, but only 9.7% believed that these funds were sufficient to cover the demands. The existence of a permanent bidding committee exclusively for acquiring medicines was reported in 40.0% of the cities. Conclusions: we found serious deficiencies in the public financing of medicines, as well as little concern about the formality in the use of public resources, expenses that meet individual demands to the detriment of the community, insufficient resources allocated to the Basic Component of Pharmaceutical Services, and exhaustion of the financing model

Initiatives and reforms across Scotland in recent years to improve prescribing; findings and global implications of drug prescriptions

Objective: Global expenditure on medicines is increasing driven by a number of factors. These include the launch of new premium-priced medicines for complex diseases including oncology, rise in non-communicable diseases especially with ageing populations and changes in clinical practice. There are also concerns with the rise in antimicrobial resistance due to inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials as well as concerns with polypharmacy. Both situations increase morbidity, mortality and costs. We are aware of ongoing activities across Scotland to improve the managed entry of new medicines, including new oncology medicines, improve the prescribing of antimicrobials as well as enhance the prescribing of low-cost multiple sourced medicines and biosimilars without compromising care. In addition, seeking to address concerns with polypharmacy. Consequently, we wanted to document these multiple measures and their outcomes to provide an overview to inform all key stakeholders in Scotland as well as the global community as resource pressures grow. Methods: A narrative review of the literature documenting examples of ongoing national and regional initiatives across Scotland to influence future prescribing and their impact where known across multiple disease areas. Significant findings: The co-ordinated approach to improve the prescribing of new medicines limited the prescribing of dabigatran when first launched with recent research providing guidance on the effectiveness and safety of different direct oral anticoagulants as more are launched. The patient reported outcome measures project and other ongoing research activities, including linking datasets, is progressing under the Cancer Medicines Outcomes Programme in Scotland to improve future care with typically differences in the effectiveness of new cancer medicines in routine care versus clinical trials. The Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group is also active in Scotland instigating multiple measures to improve antimicrobial prescribing. This includes improving the dosing of gentamicin and vancomycin as well as reducing the prescribing of antibiotics for women with urinary tract infections. Multiple activities have also resulted in high International Non-proprietary Name (INN) prescribing in Scotland at between 91.4% to 100% across a range of medicines. In addition, increased the prescribing of low-cost multiple sourced medicines versus patented medicines in a class or related class, as well as biosimilars, leading to considerable savings without compromising care. There have also been initiatives to address concerns with the rising costs of combination inhalers for patients with respiratory diseases as well as areas of polypharmacy with varying success. Conclusion: Multiple and co-ordinated approaches have improved the quality and efficiency of prescribing in Scotland. Additional measures are still needed and we will continue to monitor the situation

Strategies to Improve Antimicrobial Utilization with a Special Focus on Developing Countries

From MDPI via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: accepted 2021-06-02, pub-electronic 2021-06-07Publication status: PublishedAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a high priority across countries as it increases morbidity, mortality and costs. Concerns with AMR have resulted in multiple initiatives internationally, nationally and regionally to enhance appropriate antibiotic utilization across sectors to reduce AMR, with the overuse of antibiotics exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Effectively tackling AMR is crucial for all countries. Principally a narrative review of ongoing activities across sectors was undertaken to improve antimicrobial use and address issues with vaccines including COVID-19. Point prevalence surveys have been successful in hospitals to identify areas for quality improvement programs, principally centering on antimicrobial stewardship programs. These include reducing prolonged antibiotic use to prevent surgical site infections. Multiple activities centering on education have been successful in reducing inappropriate prescribing and dispensing of antimicrobials in ambulatory care for essentially viral infections such as acute respiratory infections. It is imperative to develop new quality indicators for ambulatory care given current concerns, and instigate programs with clear public health messaging to reduce misinformation, essential for pandemics. Regular access to effective treatments is needed to reduce resistance to treatments for HIV, malaria and tuberculosis. Key stakeholder groups can instigate multiple initiatives to reduce AMR. These need to be followed up