Pulmonar Granular Cell Tumor in a Horse

Background: The occurrence of neoplasms in horses is relatively low. Granular cell tumor is a seldom diagnosed neoplasm, usually benign, of mesenchymal origin. Controversies exist regarding its origin, which is possibly from Schwann cells or cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. Despite being one of the main primary neoplasms in the lungs of horses, the number of cases is low in comparison to that of secondary lung tumors. Thus, this study proposes to report the anatomopathological aspects in a horse with granular cell tumor of primary pulmonary origin. Case: An 11-year-old female Quarter Horse breed underwent exploratory right lateral thoracotomy after presenting with chronic respiratory changes. During the operation, tumor masses were found in the right and left caudal pulmonary lobes. Due to the severity of clinical respiratory signs and the extent of the lesions, the animal was subjected to euthanasia and anatomopathological examination. Upon necroscopic examination, a tumor mass was found in the middle third of the left caudal lobe, rounded to flattened, measuring 10.0 × 8.0 cm in height and length, white in color, of firm consistency, smooth and regular surface and rising to the lung surface. When sectioned, the mass showed to be composed of multiple firm and dense circular lobes, separated by a thin layer of connective tissue. The tumor invaded the lumen of nearby segmental and subsegmental bronchi, which were partially or totally obstructed by the mass. In the right lung, multiple similar nodules were observed, accompanied by peritumoral hemorrhage. Histopathological analysis of the new formation revealed a dense cluster of cells that expanded over the lung parenchyma. The neoplastic cells were pleomorphic, moderately cohesive, without defined borders, with abundant cytoplasm, densely eosinophilic and finely granular. Intracytoplasmic granules were well evidenced by periodic acid Schiff staining (PAS). The cell nucleus was rounded to oval, excentric, markedly basophilic and with dense chromatin. There was moderate anisocytosis and mild anisokaryosis, with rare mitotic figures. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed positive staining for anti-vimentin and anti-S100 antibodies, confirming the diagnosis of granular cell tumor.Discussion: Granular cell tumors have no predisposition as to breed, sex or age. However, most of the described cases are reported in female horses aged around 13 years. The advanced age of the diagnosed animals may be related to late definitive diagnosis, since the clinical signs are nonspecific and treated palliatively like other respiratory diseases. Macroscopically, this tumor is more common in the multinodular form and, as observed in this case, it has a greater capacity for infiltration. Histologically, the visualization of large, polygonal cells, with a wide cytoplasm containing eosinophilic granules leads to the diagnosis of granular cell tumor. However, PAS staining and immunohistochemical tests were essential for the diagnostic conclusion in this report, confirming the presence of cytoplasmic granules and the mesenchymal and neuroectodermal origin of this neoplasm, respectively. Thus, considering the low occurrence of pulmonary granular cell tumor, the description of this case contributes to the basis of the knowledge of medical-veterinary professionals about this tumor in its clinical and diagnostic aspects.Keywords: Schwann cells, immunohistochemistry, neoplasia, lung.Descritores: células de Schwann, imuno-histoquímica, neoplasia, pulmão.Título: Tumor de células granulares pulmonar em um equino

Primary Splenic Pleomorphic Liposarcoma in a Bitch

Background: Liposarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of lipoblasts with low incidence in dogs, representing 1.7% of neoplasms diagnosed in the spleen. In veterinary medicine, this neoplasm is classified morphologically into the myxoid, well-differentiated, undifferentiated and pleomorphic subtypes, the latter being one of the most aggressive forms, mainly in cavity organs. This study reports a case of primary splenic pleomorphic liposarcoma in a female dog, addressing anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects.Case: A 14-year-old, 35 kg female mongrel canine with a history of absence of defecation, progressive weight loss, difficulty walking, sensitivity to abdominal palpation, prostration, pale mucous membranes, tachypnea and abdominal distention. The condition evolved to death and, on necroscopy, there was an increase in splenic volume with neoformation of whitish and reddish color, measuring 32 × 27 cm in its largest axes and weighing 8.9 kg. The neoformation exhibited areas of firm and soft consistency, and sectioning revealed the existence of focal areas of extensive necrosis and cavity collections of different diameters that allowed the flow of liquid serous contents with a brownish red color. Microscopy showed cells of neoplastic morphology infiltrating the splenic parenchyma, mostly with slightly acidophilic cytoplasm and few intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, which varied in size and distribution. The nuclei of the cells were large, eccentric and irregular, with round to oval morphology, grossly lacy chromatin and single or multiple evident nucleoli. These cells exhibited marked anisocytosis, anisokaryosis and pleomorphism, with more than one mitotic figure per high magnification field visible. Moderately inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly lymphocytic, permeated the neoplastic cells, and marked depletion of lymphoid follicles and atrophy of the red pulp were found in the remaining splenic parenchyma. Immunohistochemical tests revealed marked and discrete immunostaining for anti-vimentin and anti-S100 antibodies, respectively. No staining was observed for anti-pan cytokeratin, anti-desmin, anti-alpha smooth muscle actin or anti-CD20 antibodies. Based on anatomopathological and immunohistochemical aspects, it was concluded to be a splenic pleomorphic liposarcoma of primary origin.Discussion: the spleen is not a common anatomical site for the development of liposarcoma, a neoplasm whose origin remains unclear. Similar to what occurs in humans, liposarcoma is believed to develop from the adipose tissue of the splenic hilum. Thus, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis of invasive abdominal tumors. For the identification and classification of liposarcoma as a pleomorphic subtype, we considered mainly histological findings such as marked cell atypia and intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, which may or may not be present in neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemical examination favored the diagnosis of liposarcoma, regardless of the subtype, due to the marked immunostaining for the anti-vimentin antibody, unlike immunostaining for the anti-S100 antibody, for which it was variable. This fact is related to adipocyte differentiation, where lower amounts of intracytoplasmic lipids translate into lower immunostaining intensity for anti-S100. Histological and immunostaining aspects should be regarded with caution in the diagnosis of pleomorphic liposarcoma, as it is a distinct neoplastic entity, with a complex karyotype and without correlation with the other subtypes

Elucidating tumor immunosurveillance and immunoediting: a comprehensive review

The action of the immune system against neoplastic diseases has become one of the main sources of research. The biological pathways of this system are known to contribute in limiting the progression and elimination of the tumor, and are delineated by concepts and mechanisms of immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunosurveillance is considered the process by which the immune system recognizes and inhibits the neoplastic process. The concept of immunoediting arises in the sense that immune system is able to shape the antigenic profile of the tumor due to selective pressure, based on the stages of tumor elimination, balance and evasion. The immune response occurs against tumor antigens and changes in the tumor microenvironment, involving different components of the innate immune system, such as T cells, natural Killer cells, B lymphocytes and macrophages. In this sense, knowing these concepts and understanding their respective mechanisms becomes essential in the investigation of new strategies for cancer prevention and cure. Thus, this review presents historical aspects and definitions of immunosurveillance and tumor immunoediting, with emphasis on its importance and applicability, such as on the different methods used in immunotherapy. Keywords: immunocompetence; tumor immunology; immunotherapy; tumor progression; immune syste

Giant Fibrolipoma in the Distal Limb of a Cow

Background: Lipomas are adipocytic tumors of slow and expansive growth. They can be classified into several subtypes depending on the tissue present next to the neoplastic adipocytes. One of such subtypes is the fibrolipoma, which is formed by well-differentiated adipocytes and fibrous connective tissue. This neoplasm has been little described in cattle, and rare reports present the treatment and resolution of the case. Thus, the dissemination of cases of fibrolipomas in cattle is essential to help veterinarians diagnose this neoplasm. The present report describes a case of fibrolipoma in the distal pelvic limb of a cow successfully treated by surgical excision. Case: A 4-year-old 3/4 Girolando cow from the municipality of Vazante-MG, Brazil, was treated on the farm. According to the owner, the animal had been showing tumoral growth in the left pelvic limb over the period of 1 year and 3 months. The tumor involved the entire left metatarsus and was 40 x 37 cm, without ulcerations and painless on palpation. A neoplasm was suspected and surgical excision was the chosen approach. The cow was sedated, positioned and restrained in right lateral recumbency for surgery. The operative field was prepared and a subcutaneous locoregional ring block was performed dorsally to the tumor. The tumor mass was excised with a safety margin of 1 cm. After removal, the mass was found to weigh 10.4 kg and to be yellowish-white upon sectioning. Due to the distance between the edges of the surgical wound, skin suture could not be performed. Thus, second-intention healing and wound protection with bandages were the choice of management. In the postoperative period, the adopted treatment consisted of antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, analgesia with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, daily dressings and wound protection with bandages. The animal did not show postoperative complications and, over 8 months of monitoring after surgery, there was no recurrence of the neoplasm and the cow was in productive activity. Tumor fragments were fixed in 10%buffered formalinand sent for histopathological examination, which revealed a neoplasm of mesenchymal cells in the subcutaneous adipose tissue supported by dense fibrovascular stroma with solid arrangement. A large amount of dense connective tissue was found among the neoplastic cells. In view of these findings, the diagnosis of fibrolipoma was established.Discussion: Fibrolipoma is a benign neoplasm little described in the veterinary literature, especially in cattle, with only 3 cases reported. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of this neoplasm in the distal limb of cattle. Fibrolipomas are a rare type of lipoma formed by well-differentiated lipocytes and fibrous tissue. The fibrolipoma described in this report was 40 cm in diameter and weighed 10.4 kg, so it can be classified as a type of giant lipoma, as it was more than 10 cm in diameter and more than 1 kg in weight. In the present report and in others in the medical literature, surgical removal of the fibrolipoma resulted in complete recovery of the patient without postoperative complications. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice in these cases and usually promotes healing. However, surgery must be performed early and the neoplasm must be completely removed. The histological characteristics of the fibrolipoma in this case are similar to those found in other cases in cattle and corroborate the choice for surgical treatment and maintenance of the animal in the herd. Although rare, fibrolipomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumors of slow and expansive growth in cattle.Keywords: bovine, adipose tissue, lipoma, neoplasia, surgery.Descritores: bovino, cirurgia, tecido adiposo, lipoma, neoplasia.Título: Fibrolipoma gigante no membro distal de uma vaca

Fibroma cutâneo atípico em uma vaca

Background: Cutaneous fibroma is a benign neoplasm affecting the fibroblasts and collagen matrix that develops in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. This neoplasm is uncommon in cattle, and few reports have described the treatment and resolution of this neoplasm. Despite its benign character, a veterinarian should consider cutaneous fibroma in the differential diagnosis of skin tumorshis report aims to describe a rare case of large fibroma in the scapular region in a cow, with emphasis on the clinical-surgical and anatomopathological aspects of the condition. Case: A 3-year-old Girolando 3/4 cow was attended to at a rural property in Lagamar-MG, Brazil. According to the owner, the animal presented with a small mass in the right scapular region that grew progressively over 1 year and 6 months. Clinical examination revealed an exuberant and painless increase in volume on palpation in the proximal region of the right thoracic limb, which, in its vertical axis, extended from the proximal end of the scapula to near the olecranon tuberosity, and, in its horizontal axis, extended from the 6th intercostal space to the scapulohumeral joint, reaching the dimensions 66 cm and 62 cm, respectively. It presented with multiple nodules that were firm in consistency with extensive areas of ulceration. Neoplasia was suspected, and surgical excision was decided upon. The cow was sedated and restrained in the left lateral decubitus position. Trichotomy and antisepsis of the operative field were performed followed by an infiltrative anesthetic block around the tumor. The tumor was excised maintaining a safety margin of 1 cm. Dermorrhaphy was not possible, and healing by secondary intention was awaited. In the postoperative period, antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, analgesia with meloxicam and dipyrone and daily dressing of the wound were performed. There were no postoperative complications and complete healing occurred approximately 100 days after surgery. One year after the surgical procedure, the owner reported that the cow did not present with recurrence of the neoplasm. The resected tumor weighed 11.2 kg, and, when cut, presented with solid conformation and whitish coloration. Tumor fragments were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin, and sent for histopathological examination, which revealed neoproliferation of remarkable cellular density composed of dense, well vascularized fibrocollagenous connective tissue arranged in multidirectional bundles and undulating pattern. Mild cellular pleomorphism was identified, and no mitosis figures were observed. Alcian blue staining was negative for mucopolysaccharides, differing from Masson's trichrome staining, which widely stained the fibrocollagenous tissue blue. In view of these findings, the diagnosis of cutaneous fibroma was confirmed. Discussion: Cutaneous fibromas are benign neoplasms of fibrous tissue, and they are uncommon in cattle and may be associated with bovine papillomavirus and/or trauma. Although the origin of cutaneous fibroma is not clear, the present report stands out due to the large size of the tumor mass. The complete healing of the surgical wound, the absence of recurrence one year after surgery and the return of the animal to dairy production demonstrate that the surgical treatment was adequate. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of the cutaneous fibroma in this case corroborate with other cases reported in the literature. Large cutaneous fibroma is uncommon in bovines, and may hinder surgical excision and prolong healing time, as well as the complete recovery of the animal. Moreover, the differential diagnosis with other neoplasms of fibroblastic origin is relevant, especially for those with malignant biological behavior, such as fibrosarcoma and myxosarcoma. Keywords: bovine, cutaneous tumor, fibroblasts, fibroblastic neoplasm, surgery. Título: Fibromacutâneo atípico em uma vaca Descritores: bovino, cirurgia, fibroblastos, neoplasia fibroblástica, tumor cutâneo.Background: O fibroma cutâneo é uma neoplasia benigna formada por fibroblastos e matriz colágena, que se desenvolve na derme ou subcutâneo. Essa neoplasia é incomum em bovinos e raros relatos descreveram o tratamento e a resolução do caso. Apesar de seu caráter benigno, o médico veterinário deve considerar o fibroma cutâneo no diagnóstico diferencial de tumores de pele. Este relato tem por objetivo descrever um caso incomum de fibroma de grandes dimensões, na região escapular de uma vaca, com ênfase aos aspectos clínico-cirúrgicos e anatomopatológicos. Case: Foi atendida em uma propriedade rural no município de Lagamar-MG, Brasil, uma vaca Girolando 3/4, de três anos de idade. Segundo o proprietário, o animal apresentou uma pequena neoformação na região escapular direita, que cresceu progressivamente ao longo de um ano e seis meses. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se aumento de volume exuberante e indolor à palpação na região proximal do membro torácico direito que, em seu eixo vertical, se estendia da extremidade proximal da escápula até próximo à tuberosidade do olécrano e, em seu eixo horizontal se estendia do 6º espaço intercostal até a articulação escápulo-umeral, alcançando as dimensões 66×62 cm, respectivamente. Apresentava multinodulação, consistência firme e extensas áreas de ulceração. Suspeitou-se de neoplasia e optou-se pela exérese cirúrgica. A vaca foi sedada e contida em decúbito lateral esquerdo. Foi realizada tricotomia e antissepsia do campo operatório e, em seguida, bloqueio anestésico infiltrativo ao redor do tumor. Efetuou-se a exérese do tumor mantendo margem de segurança de 1 cm. Não foi possível realizar a dermorrafia e aguardou-se a cicatrização por segunda intenção. No pós-operatório, realizaram-se antibioticoterapia com penicilina benzatina, analgesia com meloxicam e dipirona e curativos diários da ferida. Não houve complicações pós-operatórias e a cicatrização completa ocorreu aproximadamente 100 dias após a cirurgia. Um ano após o procedimento cirúrgico, o proprietário informou que a vaca não apresentava recidiva da neoplasia. O tumor removido pesava 11,2 Kg e, ao corte, apresentava conformação sólida e coloração brancacenta. Fragmentos tumorais foram colhidos, fixados com formalina a 10% e encaminhados para exame histopatológico que revelou neoproliferação de marcante densidade celular, composta por denso tecido conjuntivo fibrocolagenoso bem vascularizado, disposto em feixes multidirecionais e padrão ondular. Identificou-se discreto pleomorfismo celular e não foram observadas figuras de mitose. A coloração Alcian Blue foi negativa para a identificação de mucopolissacarídeos, diferentemente do observado ao Tricômico de Masson, em que o tecido fibrocolagenoso foi amplamente corado em azul. Diante dos achados, estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de fibroma cutâneo. Discussion: Fibromas cutâneos são neoplasias benignas de tecido fibroso, que são incomuns em bovinos e podem estar associadas ao papilomavírus bovino e/ou a traumatismos. Embora a origem do fibroma cutâneo não tenha sido identificada, o presente relato se destaca pela grande dimensão da massa tumoral. A completa cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica, a ausência de recidiva após um ano da cirurgia e o retorno do animal à produção leiteira demonstram que o tratamento cirúrgico foi adequado. As características macro e microscópicas do fibroma cutâneo deste caso corroboram outros casos encontrados na literatura. O fibroma cutâneo de grandes dimensões em bovinos é incomum, podendo dificultar a exérese cirúrgica e prolongar o tempo de cicatrização, assim como a completa recuperação do animal. Ainda, é relevante o diagnóstico diferencial com outras neoplasias de origem fibroblástica, especialmente as de comportamento biológico maligno, como fibrossarcoma e mixossarcoma

Anatomomopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of the spleen and lymph node of dogs seropositives for leishmaniasis in serological tests

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan of the species Leishmania infantum. The spleen and lymph nodes undergo morphological changes during CanL. This research aimed to perform an anatomopathological and immunohistochemical study of these organs in dogs reactive to leishmaniasis in the Dual-path Platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP®) and Enzyme Immunoabsorption Assay (ELISA). Twenty-seven dogs were evaluated for anatomopathological examination with 92.6% having clinical signs. Splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly were the main macroscopic changes. All dogs showed changes in the spleen, unrelated to the parasitic load, with granulomatous splenitis being the most severe change. Diffuse cortical and paracortical hyperplasia and spinal cord hyperplasia and hypertrophy were observed in the lymph nodes. Amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. were found in the spleen and lymph node during histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations, with good agreement between these evaluations (k = 0.55, p = 0.00124), but no difference was observed in the parasitic intensity of these organs (p = 0.23) . Thus, the spleen and lymph node reactive to leishmaniasis on the DPP® and ELISA tests show histomorphological changes resulting from the disease. In addition, the spleen and lymph node have a parasitic load similar to those found by direct diagnostic methods

Orquiectomia em suínos com diferentes fios de sutura: influência sobre resposta inflamatória e cicatrização / Orchiectomy in pigs with different suture threads: influence on inflammatory response and healing

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a resposta inflamatória e evolução cicatricial em suínos submetidos a orquiectomia com diferentes fios de sutura. Foram utilizados neste experimento 18 suínos, machos, com três meses de idade e distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos (GI, GII e GIII) de seis animais cada. Os animais foram submetidos à orquiectomia e a ligadura do cordão espermático foi realizada com fio de algodão nº 0, fio de Catgut cromado nº 1-0 e fio de Poliglactina 910 nº 0. No pós-cirúrgico foram avaliados a evolução da ferida cirúrgica, por meio dos seguintes parâmetros: intensidade e tipo de exsudato, edema, calor, hiperemia, distribuição da inflamação, presença de crostas, contração da ferida e tempo para cicatrização completa. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o tipo de fio de sutura não interfere significativamente sobre a resposta inflamatória e no tempo de cicatrização em suínos submetidos a orquiectomia.

Soroprevalência de leptospirose em fêmeas bovinas na microrregião do Vale Do Rio Dos Bois, Goiás, Brasil / Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in bovine females in the micro-region of the Vale Do Rio Dos Bois, Goiás, Brazil

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência de animais reagentes para a leptospirose bovina, na microrregião do Vale do Rio dos Bois, estado de Goiás, Brasil. Foram colhidas 57 amostras de sangue bovino de vacas lactantes com idade acima de 24 meses que apresentavam sinais de distúrbios reprodutivo. As quais, foram testadas pelo método de soro aglutinação microscópica (SAM), para detecção de aglutininas antileptospiras. Paralelamente, foi realizado um levantamento epidemiológico, contendo informações que possa levantar possíveis formas de infecção e disseminação da leptospirose pelo rebanho. Encontrou-se uma prevalência de 64,91% de fêmeas positivos para leptospira sp., havendo predominância dos sorovas Herdomadis, Grippotyphora e Pyroseneses. Do ponto de vista epidemiológico, os principais fatores que facilitaram a infecção e disseminação foram o contato direto dos bovinos com animais silvestres e domésticos, a monta natural como método reprodutivo e o pastejo de animais positivos e negativos de forma coletiva

Comparative Pathobiology of Canine and Human Prostate Cancer: State of the Art and Future Directions

First described in 1817, prostate cancer is considered a complex neoplastic entity, and one of the main causes of death in men in the western world. In dogs, prostatic carcinoma (PC) exhibits undifferentiated morphology with different phenotypes, is hormonally independent of aggressive character, and has high rates of metastasis to different organs. Although in humans, the risk factors for tumor development are known, in dogs, this scenario is still unclear, especially regarding castration. Therefore, with the advent of molecular biology, studies were and are carried out with the aim of identifying the main molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of canine PC, aiming to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment. However, there are extensive gaps to be filled, especially when considering the dog as experimental model for the study of this neoplasm in humans. Thus, due to the complexity of the subject, the objective of this review is to present the main pathobiological aspects of canine PC from a comparative point of view to the same neoplasm in the human species, addressing the historical context and current understanding in the scientific field