ORALLY DISINTEGRATING PREPARATIONS: RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN FORMULATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Oral route is the most convenient route for drug administration due to the highest component of compliance mainly the pediatrics and geriatrics. It is regarded as the most economical and safest method of drug delivery. Formulation of a orally disintegrating dosage form is beneficial for patients suffering from motion sickness, repeated emesis, mental disorder and dysphasia because they cannot swallow large quantity of water and it is easy to administer. The unique property of orally disintegrating dosage form is that they are readily disintegrating and dissolves in saliva and avoids the requirement of water which is the major benefit over conventional dosage form. Further, drug having the satisfactory absorption from the oral mucosa can be formulated in such type of dosage form. Since the drug is completely released in the mouth, so taste masking of active ingredient becomes essential for formulating orally disintegrating dosage form. This article includes requirement for orally disintegrating tablets, orally disintegrating films, chewing gums, oral wafers and buccal patches ,their advantages,disadvantages,challenges in formulation ,patented technologies, various technologies developed for formulated orally disintegrating dosage form ,super disintegrating agents in the formulation, evaluation method and various marketed products

Cross-cutting principles for planetary health education

Since the 2015 launch of the Rockefeller Foundation Lancet Commission on planetary health,1 an enormous groundswell of interest in planetary health education has emerged across many disciplines, institutions, and geographical regions. Advancing these global efforts in planetary health education will equip the next generation of scholars to address crucial questions in this emerging field and support the development of a community of practice. To provide a foundation for the growing interest and efforts in this field, the Planetary Health Alliance has facilitated the first attempt to create a set of principles for planetary health education that intersect education at all levels, across all scales, and in all regions of the world—ie, a set of cross-cutting principles

Study of various biochemical parameter on atrazine induced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in brain

G6PD is rate limiting enzyme in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), have effective physiological role in  supply of NADPH by converting it into Glucose-6-phosphate to phospogluconate which acts as a major cell reductant and useful to cell survival. Brain is highly sophisticated organ of our body which requires continuous supply of energy in form of glucose. Daily requirement of brain glucose is 120gm. G6PD plays a key role in it. According to WHO 75% of world population have more than one gene for G6PD and around  2.9% of population is G6PD deficient. It is most common enzymatic disorder of cell effecting 200-400 million people. G6PD exist in all cell to oxidative damage and it is responsible for various neurodegenerative disorder like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, Schizophrenia catatonia, Neuronal toxicity etc. The research work was aimed to check the neuroprotective potential of Melatonin with Primaquine and Melatonin with Aspirin (contraindicated to G6PD deficient individuals) in Atrazine induced G6PD deficiency in Albino Rats. Study was carried out for the various biochemical parameters (G6PD, Nitrites, LDH, Glucose), neurotransmitters (Serotonin, Dopamine, Nor-adrenaline), anti-oxidant activity (GSH, LPO, SOD and Catalase) and histopathological evaluation.&nbsp

An E3 ubiquitin ligase, cullin‐4 regulates retinal differentiation in Drosophila eye

During organogenesis, cell proliferation is followed by the differentiation of specific cell types to form an organ. Any aberration in differentiation can result in developmental defects, which can result in a partial to a near‐complete loss of an organ. We employ the Drosophila eye model to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of differentiation. In a forward genetic screen, we identified, cullin‐4 (cul‐4), which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to play an important role in retinal differentiation. During development, cul‐4 is known to be involved in protein degradation, regulation of genomic stability, and regulation of cell cycle. Previously, we have reported that cul‐4 regulates cell death during eye development by downregulating Wingless (Wg)/Wnt signaling pathway. We found that loss‐of‐function of cul‐4 results in a reduced eye phenotype, which can be due to onset of cell death. However, we found that loss‐of‐function of cul‐4 also affects retinal development by downregulating retinal determination (RD) gene expression. Early markers of retinal differentiation are dysregulated in cul‐4 loss of function conditions, indicating that cul‐4 is necessary for differentiation. Furthermore, loss‐of‐function of cul‐4 ectopically induces expression of negative regulators of eye development like Wg and Homothorax (Hth). During eye development, Wg is known to block the progression of a synchronous wave of differentiation referred to as Morphogenetic furrow (MF). In cul‐4 loss‐of‐function background, expression of dpp‐lacZ, a MF marker, is significantly downregulated. Our data suggest a new role of cul‐4 in retinal differentiation. These studies may have significant bearings on our understanding of early eye development

Utilization of Grain Physical and Biochemical Traits to Predict Malting Quality of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Sub-Tropical Climate

Barley is the most popular raw material for malting, and recently, the demand for malt-based products has increased several folds in India and other South Asian countries. The barley growing season is peculiar in the sub-tropical plains region compared to European or Northern American conditions, characterized by a total crop duration of 130–145 days with a maximum grain filling duration of around only 35–40 days. A total of 19 barley genotypes were grown for three years to assess the comparative performance in relation to different quality traits, including grain physical traits and biochemical and malt quality parameters. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and principal component analysis were performed to determine the correlation among different traits. The results showed significant genotypic variation among genotypes for individual grain and malt traits. Despite the shorter window for grain filling, several good malting genotypes have been developed for the sub-tropical climates. The genotypes DWRUB52, DWRB101, RD2849, DWRUB64, and DWRB91 were found suitable for malting. Based on correlation studies, a few grain parameters have been identified which can be used to predict the malting potential of a barley genotype. The hot water extract was found to be positively correlated with the grain test weight, thousand-grain weight, and malt friability but was negatively correlated with the husk content. Beta-glucan content varied from 3.4 to 6.1% (dwb); reducing the grain beta-glucan content and increasing the amylase could be priorities to address in future malt barley improvement programs under sub-tropical climatic conditions

Bioflavonoid combination attenuates diabetes-induced nephropathy in rats via modulation of MMP-9/TIMP-1, TGF-β, and GLUT-4-associated pathways

Background: Diabetic nephropathy represents a significant microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by extracellular matrix accumulation, loss of cell-cell junctions, microalbuminuria, and diminished creatinine clearance. Despite its prevalence, therapeutic options dedicated to this condition are currently lacking. Natural products like bioflavonoids have garnered attention for their potential therapeutic benefits. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a bioflavonoid combination, including ginger extract, soy extract, and hesperetin, in a diabetic rat model. Methods: Diabetes was initiated in the rat pups via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin on the fifth postnatal day. After six weeks, rats exhibiting blood sugar levels exceeding 160 mg/dL were allocated into diabetic control and treatment groups, with eight animals each. A subset of rats received citrate buffer as a control. The treatment group received the bioflavonoid combination orally for twenty-four weeks. Various parameters, including glycemic levels, urinary parameters, antioxidant status, mRNA expression via Western blot, gel zymography, and immunohistochemistry, were assessed at the study's conclusion. Results: The bioflavonoid combination demonstrated significant reductions in hyperglycemia and various urinary parameters compared to controls. Notably, it modulated MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression, upregulated GLUT-4, and downregulated TGF-β. Additionally, the combination enhanced total antioxidant capacity, indicating potential antioxidative benefits. Conclusions: This study highlights the therapeutic potential of a bioflavonoid combination (ginger extract, soy extract, and hesperetin) in improving renal function in diabetic nephropathy. By modulating key factors such as MMP-9/TIMP-1, TGF-β, and GLUT-4, this combination presents a promising avenue for further exploration in managing diabetic nephropathy. These findings underscore the importance of natural products as potential therapeutic agents in addressing diabetic complications

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Not AvailableWater-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) play a vital role in water stress avoidance and buffering wheat grain yield. However, the genetic architecture of stem WSCs’ accumulation is partially understood, and few candidate genes are known. This study utilizes the compressed mixed linear model-based genome wide association study (GWAS) and heuristic post GWAS analyses to identify causative quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) and candidate genes for stem WSCs’ content at 15 days after anthesis under different water regimes (irrigated, rainfed, and drought). Glucose, fructose, sucrose, fructans, total non-structural carbohydrates (the sum of individual sugars), total WSCs (anthrone based) quantified in the peduncle of 301 bread wheat genotypes under multiple environments (E01-E08) pertaining different water regimes, and 14,571 SNPs from “35K Axiom Wheat Breeders” Array were used for analysis. As a result, 570 significant nucleotide trait associations were identified on all chromosomes except for 4D, of which 163 were considered stable. A total of 112 quantitative trait nucleotide regions (QNRs) were identified of which 47 were presumable novel. QNRs qWSC-3B.2 and qWSC-7A.2 were identified as the hotspots. Post GWAS integration of multiple data resources prioritized 208 putative candidate genes delimited into 64 QNRs, which can be critical in understanding the genetic architecture of stem WSCs accumulation in wheat under optimum and water-stressed environments. At least 19 stable QTNs were found associated with 24 prioritized candidate genes. Clusters of fructans metabolic genes reported in the QNRs qWSC-4A.2 and qWSC-7A.2. These genes can be utilized to bring an optimum combination of various fructans metabolic genes to improve the accumulation and remobilization of stem WSCs and water stress tolerance. These results will further strengthen wheat breeding programs targeting sustainable wheat production under limited water conditions.Not Availabl