Inflammatory Outcomes of COVID-19, Post-Complication Disorders, and Related Factors that Could Affect the Intensity of COVID-19

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that has surrounded the world caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease is usually onset with symptoms like fever, cough, fatigue, respiratory problems, and loss of smell and taste. The majority of COVID-19 patients have mild or no symptoms, but a few demonstrate acute respiratory problems (ARDS) that can be life-threatening. Materials and Methods: Authors searched English published articles in local and international journals over the period 2000 to 2022 using several databases including Scopus, PubMed, Scholar, and Science Direct. Then, the relevant articles were revised. During this period, different articles have been published, but we tried to choose and review articles that introduced effective data. Results: Some people show symptoms long after their negative PCR test called post-COVID-19 syndrome, which studies showed can last more than 12 weeks after infection. Other than the complications patients confront amid the period of COVID-19 infection, there is an accumulation of evidence regarding the delayed complications of COVID-19, including auto-immune outbreaks such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Guillain-Barre syndrome, Miller-Fisher syndrome, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), Autoimmune thyroid disease and also COVID-19 associated coagulopathies, have received remarkable attention since the early months of the pandemic. Microbiome changes in the gut and nasopharynx of patients with COVID-19 affect the severity of the disease, furthermore, some genes inherited from Neanderthals increase the severity of COVID-19. Conclusion: COVID-19 infection, along with the immune suppression mechanism, has the potential to evoke destructive inflammation in the host. Clarifying the pathophysiology of the COVID‐19 injuries to the host could help to develop appropriate treatment

Induction and evaluation of acute inflammatory model of sulfur mustard analogue (CEES) in C57BL/6 mice

The acute threat model with mustard analogs has been produced and synthesized due to the dangers that sulfur mustard can pose to users in experimental work conditions and the creation of sulfur and numerous analogs to prevent its dangers. To evaluate the confirm of 2- Chloroethyl Ethyl Sulfide (CEES) as an analog of SM, we set up a new model of CEES systemic injection & exposure to be as close as possible role of this toxin analog effects on innate immune inflammation. Female C57BL/6 mice, 8-10- week old at the onset of the study, were exposed to CEES (10 mg / kg). The administration route was Intraperitoneal (IP) injection. At the end of the study, the mice’s lung fluid, and peritoneal lavage, spleen lymphocyte and lung tissue were extracted for future histopathological assessments

Human βhsp90 as adjuvant in HCV Recombinant vaccine

There are more than 350 million individuals with hepatitis C in the world. One of the important problems in vaccine project is development of effective and suitable adjuvant in human vaccines. At present research we applied human βHsp90 protein as an adjuvant in recombinant HCV vaccine design. The thermal vector of pGP1-2 was used for human heat shock protein 90 expression. This protein injected to BalbC mice as an adjuvant together with recombinant protein of HCV core. The combination of these proteins was used and we evaluated the humoral and cellular immunity and the cytokine secretion of inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes lymphocytes were analyzed in vitro and ex vivo conditions. So the combination of Core protein together with hsp90 induced total IgG and IgG2a secretion. The spleen lymphocytes proliferation were increased equal to serum IgG2a level that was constant in second time bleeding with significant different to complexes with freund’s adjuvant. At first IL-4 and IL-5 cytokines were increased, after one week it decreased. Production of IL-4 showed there was no hypersensitivity reaction after vaccine injection

Immunological Compatibility Status of Placenta-Derived Stem Cells is Mediated by Scaffold 3D Structure

Placenta-derived amniotic epithelial cells (AECs), a great cell source for tissue engineering and stem cell therapy, are immunologically inert in their native state; however, immunological changes in these cells after culture and differentiation have challenged their applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2D and 3D scaffolds on human lymphocyte antigens (HLA) expression by AECs. The effect of different preparation parameters including pre-freezing time and temperature was evaluated on 3D chitosan–gelatine scaffolds properties. Evaluation of MHC class I, HLA-DR and HLA-G expression in AECs after 7 d culture on 2D bed and 3D scaffold of chitosan–gelatine showed that culture of AECs on the 2D substrate up-regulated MHC class I and HLA-DR protein markers on AECs surface and down-regulated HLA-G protein. In contrast, 3D scaffold did not increase protein expression of MHC class I and HLA-DR. Moreover, HLA-G protein expression remained unchanged in 3D culture. These results confirm that 3D scaffold can remain AECs in their native immunological state and modification of physical properties of the scaffold is a key regulator of immunological markers at the gene and protein expression levels; a strategy which circumvents rejection challenge of amniotic stem cells to be translated into the clinic

Cytoplasmic and membranous CD24 marker expression has indirect correlation with cAMP/cGMP ratio

Background- CD24 is a cell adhesion molecule that has been implicated in metastatic tumor progression cells. Our aim was clarify correlation between CD24 expression and cAMP:cGMP ratio in murine colorectal cancer cell line (CT26) after using cholera toxin.Materials and Methods- The CT26 cells were cultured in microtubes for assaying cAMP and cGMP; also the cells were cultured in flasks for assaying cytoplasmic and membranous CD24 expression. The Real-Time PCR was done for cDNA that was synthesized from CT26 cells’ mRNA. Also, expression CD24 marker of cells was determined by Anti-CD24 antibody and Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG-FITC (flow cytometry).Results- The cholera toxin grew cAMP:cGMP ratio and it influenced cytoplasmic and membrane CD24 expression.Conclusion- There are indirect correlation between cAMP:cGMP ratio and CD24 expression

The effect of human amniotic epithelial cell on dendritic cell differentiation of peripheral blood monocytes: An experimental study

Background: The amniotic membrane plays an important role in maintaining a healthy pregnancy. The main population cells from amniotic membrane include human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) which have been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties. Objective: The proximity of hAECs with monocyte leads to the generation of tollerogenic dendritic cells. Materials and Methods: hAECs were obtained from normal pregnancy. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated by anti-CD14 MACS method. Co-cultures of monocytes and hAECs were established in Transwell chambers supplemented with granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to produce immature and mature DCs, respectively. Immunophenotyping of the obtained DCs was done through flow cytometry and the production of cytokines was measured by ELISA. Mixed leukocyte Reaction (MLR) was also performed for the functional assessment of DCs. Results: Immunophenotyping of [hAECs - Immature DC (iDC)] and [hAECs - iDC] + LPS cells revealed that the expression of CD1a, CD80, CD86, CD40, HLA-DR, and CD83 markers showed no significant difference as compared with the control group (iDCs and mDCs alone). In the [hAECs-iDCs] + LPS cells, the percentage of CD14 cells at the ratio of 1:2.5 showed significant differences compared to the control group. The production of IL-10 and IL-12 showed no significant difference in any of the cultures as compared to the control groups. Also, co-cultured DCs did not inhibit proliferation of lymphocyte. Conclusion: Our findings show that factors secreted from cultured hAECs are unable to generate of tollerogenic dendritic cells. To achieve a better understanding of other mechanisms more investigations are needed. Key words: Amniotic membrane, Dendritic cells, Human placenta, Immunomodulation, Monocyte

An Investigation of Innate Immune Response of Human Blood Macrophage to Sense and Antisense dsRNA

Silencing of gene expression by siRNA (small interfering RNA) is a powerful approach used to study the genetic analysis and functional roles of mammalian genes. There is at present no report about the effects of mammalian two-hybrid system plasmids delivery of sense and antisense strands. The leishmania pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) gene was cloned as sense and antisense strands into mammalian two hybrid system plasmids. The constructs were transfected into human blood macrophages on the basis of eight experimental groups. (Antisense strand ± LPS, sense strand ± LPS, dsRNA ± LPS, negative control ± LPS). After 24 hours, cytokines production was assessed with ELISA.Transfection of sense and antisense strand RNA into monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) was confirmed by RT-PCR. Single strands RNA expressed IL-8, IL-12, IL-1β inflammatory cytokines and dsRNA induced IL-8, IL-12 and TNF-α production in MDM. In contrast, random uptake from a mixture of two plasmids was downregulated IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ cytokines, with a significant difference of p<0.05 in macrophage.With respect to the increased level of IL-8 in macrophage detected in single strand groups, the chemokine production—as a major feature of innate immunity—is a powerful tool for evaluation of sense/antisense in experimental and therapeutic gene vaccine delivery. siRNA–based gene therapy could have great potential in cancer treatment.Highlights siRNA (small interfering RNA) is powerful approach to study the functional roles of mammalian genes.dsRNA induced antiviral response by induction of different cytokines including TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-8.dsRNA showed promising results as a vaccine adjuvant for both antiviral and antitumor prophylaxis.The strong response of IL-8 chemokine indicated the linkage between innate immunity and adaptive immunity in progressive malignances

Inhibition of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) expression in Leishmania promastigotes using a full-length antisense construct

Leishmania exhibit many unusual features, one of which is the pteridine metabolic pathway essential for the growth for these parasites. Leishmania have evolved a complex and versatile pteridine salvage network capable of scavenging a wide array of conjugated and unconjugated pteridines. The L. major PTR1 gene was cloned into pcDNA3 digested with KpnI and BamHI. The gene was cloned antiparallel to the promoter and named pcDNA-Rptr. L. major promastigotes were divided into two groups. One group was transfected with 50 μg of pcDNA-Rptr, whereas the other group was electroporated with pcDNA3. Mentioned cells were cultured and plated onto semi-solid media.Western blotting was performed on extracts from transfected promastigotes of L. major using an leishmania major PTR1 antibody. The PTR1 protein was not expressed in pcDNA-Rptr-tansfected promastigotes, 'Our results indicate that our system may be useful for studying the pteridine salvage pathway in Leishmania as a possible drug target

The Effects of Transdermal Estrogen Delivery on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Meta-analysis

Abstract Due to its minimal systematic adverse effects, transdermal estrogen is widely used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The present meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effects of transdermal estrogen on bone mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase , and CINAHL databases, and also the Sciences Citation Index. Systematic review of articles was published between January 1989 to February 2016.Reference lists of the included articles were also evaluated and consultations were made with relevant experts. While 132 studies included the desired keywords, only nine clinical trials met the inclusion criteria and were finally reviewed. The pooled percent change in BMD was statistically significant in favor of transdermal estrogen. According to resulting pooled estimate, lumbar spine BMD one and two years after transdermal estrogen therapy was respectively 3.4% (95% CI: 1.7-5.1) and 3.7% (95% CI: 1.7-5.7) higher than the baseline values. The test for heterogeneity was not statistically significant based on the I 2 heterogeneity index. One-two years of transdermal estrogen delivery can effectively increase BMD and protect the bone structure in postmenopausal women