Lutte contre le sida : la reconfiguration d'une politique de réduction des risques liés à l'usage de drogues à Marseille

The writer focuses on the changes in Marseilles's healthcare policy for drug-addicts during the 1990's. Doing so, she evaluates the influence of the nationwide adoption of so-called policies of reduction of harms linked to drug-using (hence, harm reduction policy). The arrival of AIDS and the decision to carry out health and social harm reduction policies linked to drug addiction thus bring to light people whose conceptions of the issue of drugs, of drug addiction, and of treatments to implement are in competition with those of "traditional" contributors to the issue of drug addiction. The emergence of these agents does not lead to the victory of one group over another but to juxtapositions and hybridisations of the various plans of action and public policies.L'auteure analyse les transformations de la politique marseillaise de soins aux toxicomanes au cours des années 1990. Elle mesure l'influence locale de l'adoption au niveau national de mesures dites de réduction des risques liés à l'usage de drogues (RDR). L'intrusion du SIDA et la décision de mettre en œuvre une politique de RDR sanitaires et sociaux liés à la toxicomanie font ainsi émerger des acteurs dont les représentations du problème de la drogue, de la toxicomanie, et des traitements à mettre en œuvre apparaissent concurrentes de celles des intervenants « classiques » en toxicomanie. Les positionnements de ces acteurs n'aboutissent pas à la victoire d'un groupe sur un autre mais à des juxtapositions et des hybridations des dispositifs et des différentes politiques publiques

Experimental investigation of fuel-cooled combustor: Cooling efficiency and coke formation

Scramjet is an air-breathing engine designed to propel advanced aircrafts in the atmosphere, suitable, according to various studies, to thrust high-speed hypersonic flights (over Mach 5). The thermal protection of vehicles flying at hypersonic velocities is a critical problem; as at supersonic speeds the incoming air is at too high temperature to be used as a coolant, the fuel becomes the only adequate source of cooling for the vehicle. Regenerative cooling is a well-known cooling technique using the fuel as coolant. As the development of regeneratively cooled engines faces many difficulties, an empirical study of this cooling technology and of its complex dynamics is of high interest. In this context, a remotely controlled fuel-cooled combustor, suitable for the experimental analysis of the pyrolysis-combustion coupling characterizing a fuel-cooled combustion chamber when a hydrocarbon propellant is used, has been designed. Tests are realized under both stationary and transient conditions using ethylene as fuel and air as oxidizer. Two operating parameters, i.e. fuel mass flow rate (between 0.010 and 0.040 g.s-1) and equivalence ratio (between 1.0 and 1.5), have been investigated. It has been observed that fuel mass flow rate increases always result in the raise of the heat flux density passing from the combustion gases to the combustor walls. It has been seen that mass flow rate raises between 16 and 20 % lead to increases in the thermal energy evacuated by the fuel-coolant in the range from 30.4 to 48.5 %, depending on equivalence ratio and pressure. The dependence of the cooling system heat exchange efficiency on the two operating parameters has been demonstrated. The consequences of the coking activity of the fuel have also been investigated. For applied interest, a monitoring method for carbon deposits formation has been developed and validated

Faire accepter les lieux de réduction des risques : un enjeu quotidien

Les professionnels de la Réduction des risques, qui accueillent et accompagnent les usagers de drogues, connaissent des difficultés à faire reconnaitre et accepter leur mission de Santé publique. Que ce soit par peur de la différence, des états de conscience modifiés, pour des raisons morales ou au regard de la loi, les riverains des dispositifs de RdR mettent en question la présence des usagers à leurs côtés. Pour leur répondre, la médiation sociale est inscrite au coeur des missions des Centres d'accueil et d'accompagnement à la réduction des risques des usagers de drogues (CAARUD), principal levier pour permettre l'acceptabilité des dispositifs. Quelles sont les formes données à la médiation mise en oeuvre par les professionnels de la RdR? Cette étude financée par la Direction générale de la santé (DGS) répond à cette question. Elle propose ainsi un état des lieux bibliographique des études, guides et observations faites autour de cette question, complété par le recueil détaillé des pratiques professionnelles dans un certain nombre de dispositifs de RdR. Enfin, une troisième et dernière partie reprend, sous forme de recommandations, les principaux enjeux liés à la mise en place d'un nouveau lieu d'accueil. Sont ici identifiées les étapes nécessaires à la mise en lien entre les dispositifs de RdR et leurs partenaires, qu'ils soient institutionnels (Agences régionales de santé, municipalités, communautés de communes, forces de l'ordre, services sociaux...) ou privés (bailleurs, commerçants, voisins...). Ce sont autant d'interlocuteurs de la médiation sociale, ressources pour permettre aux porteurs de projets de concevoir une démarche concertée d'implantation

L'action syndicale face à la pauvreté laborieuse, analyse des représentations et des dispositifs d'action sociale dans l'entreprise [Rapport de recherche]

L'émergence du problème des «travailleurs pauvres» dans les débats publics en France suggère de réfléchir à la façon dont celui-ci est appréhendé au sein de l'entreprise, c'est-à-dire de voir si les salariés dont les ménages ont un revenu inférieur au seuil de pauvreté font l'objet d'une prise en charge particulière par les interlocuteurs sociaux. Ce questionnement nécessite de saisir, la façon dont les organisations syndicales et patronales appréhendent et analysent le phénomène de la pauvreté laborieuse, l'intérêt qu'elles lui portent et la manière dont elles l'intègrent dans leurs axes de réflexion. Il implique, également, de comprendre ce qui se passe concrètement sur le terrain. Le vécu de la pauvreté laborieuse, les dimensions au travers desquelles elle se manifeste (problèmes de logement, de transport, d'alimentation, problèmes financiers...) conduisent à établir des liens entre le travail et le hors travail, à se projeter vers des domaines d'intervention qui ne sont pas nécessairement perçus comme au coeur de l'action revendicative par les militants syndicaux. Ce sont ainsi les frontières de l'intervention syndicale qui sont en jeu dans la façon dont les élus du personnel et les délégués syndicaux se saisissent des outils disponibles au niveau des comités d'entreprise et parfois des branches, avec la création de fonds d'action sociale. Ce faisant, les syndicalistes agissent au sein d'une configuration plus large d'acteurs, ce qui se traduit par un chevauchement parfois problématique entre action syndicale et action sociale et par la recherche de coopérations inédites, afin de coproduire des droits sociaux pour des fractions du salariat particulièrement fragilisées, avec les employeurs et les représentants des collectivités territoriale

Interpretable time series neural representation for classification purposes

Deep learning has made significant advances in creating efficient representations of time series data by automatically identifying complex patterns. However, these approaches lack interpretability, as the time series is transformed into a latent vector that is not easily interpretable. On the other hand, Symbolic Aggregate approximation (SAX) methods allow the creation of symbolic representations that can be interpreted but do not capture complex patterns effectively. In this work, we propose a set of requirements for a neural representation of univariate time series to be interpretable. We propose a new unsupervised neural architecture that meets these requirements. The proposed model produces consistent, discrete, interpretable, and visualizable representations. The model is learned independently of any downstream tasks in an unsupervised setting to ensure robustness. As a demonstration of the effectiveness of the proposed model, we propose experiments on classification tasks using UCR archive datasets. The obtained results are extensively compared to other interpretable models and state-of-the-art neural representation learning models. The experiments show that the proposed model yields, on average better results than other interpretable approaches on multiple datasets. We also present qualitative experiments to asses the interpretability of the approach.Comment: International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA) 202

Section 112J: The “HAMMER” Clause: What is Illinois Doing about the PART 2; May 15, 2003 Deadline???? & How can P2 Play a Role?

Review of the the plastic and metal parts coating MACT rules and how pollution prevention can get you where you want to be faster and cheaper than add on pollution controls.Ope

Test Station for Magnetization Measurements on Large Quantities of Superconducting Strands

In the superconducting main magnets of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), persistent currents in the superconductor determine the field quality at injection field. For this reason it is necessary to check the magnetization of the cable strands during their production. During four years, this requires measurements of the width of the strand magnetization hysteresis loop at 0.5 T, 1.9 K, at a rate of up to eight samples per day. This paper describes the design, construction and the first results of a magnetization test station built for this purpose. The samples are cooled in a cryostat, with a 2-m long elliptic tail. This tail is inserted in a normal conducting dipole magnet with a field between ± 1.5 T. Racetrack pick-up coils, integrated in the cryostat, detect the voltage due to flux change, which is then integrated numerically. The sample holder can contain eight strand samples, each 20 cm long. The test station operates in two modes: either the sample is fixed while the external field is changed, or the sample is moved while the field remains constant. First results of calibration measurements with nickel and niobium are reported

Transcriptomic analysis of the hepatic response to stress in the red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis): Insights into lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and liver steatosis

Indexación: Scopus.Teleosts exhibit a broad divergence in their adaptive response to stress, depending on the magnitude, duration, and frequency of stressors and the species receiving the stimulus. We have previously reported that the red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis), an important marine farmed fish, shows a physiological response to stress that results in increased skeletal muscle atrophy mediated by over-expression of components of the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems. To better understand the systemic effects of stress on the red cusk-eel metabolism, the present study assessed the transcriptomic hepatic response to repetitive handling-stress. Using high-Throughput RNA-seq, 259 up-regulated transcripts were found, mostly associated with angiogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and triacylglyceride catabolism. Conversely, 293 transcripts were down-regulated, associated to cholesterol biosynthesis, PPARα signaling, fatty acid biosynthesis, and glycolysis. This gene signature was concordant with hepatic metabolite levels and hepatic oxidative damage. Moreover, the increased plasmatic levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AP (alkaline phosphatase), as well as liver histology suggest stress-induced liver steatosis. This study offers an integrative molecular and biochemical analysis of the hepatic response to handling-stress, and reveals unknown aspects of lipid metabolism in a non-model teleost.http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.017644

Critical Current Studies on Deformed Nb-Ti Strands

The Nb-Ti hard conductors used in LHC dipole and quadrupole magnets are Rutherford cables composed of several tens of strands. During the cabling process, the strands are severely compacted especially at the thin edge of the cable. In order to assess, on the whole wire length, the deformation effect on the transport current of the wires, LHC-type Nb-Ti superconducting strands of various types were flattened by means of rollers. The critical current was then measured as a function of deformation and applied magnetic field at both 4.3 K and 1.9 K. The measurements were performed for both orientations (flat face perpendicular or parallel to magnetic field). The critical current density anisotropy of such deformed strands and the correlation with magnetization effects are discussed. This study permits to better understand and to quantify the critical current degradation of few percent observed in strands due to cabling. Comparisons with wires extracted from Rutherford cables are presented