Two types of alcohol dehydrogenase from Perilla can form citral and perillaldehyde.

Studies on the biosynthesis of oil compounds in Perilla will help in understanding regulatory systems of secondary metabolites and in elucidating reaction mechanisms for natural product synthesis. In this study, two types of alcohol dehydrogenases, an aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and a geraniol dehydrogenase (GeDH), which are thought to participate in the biosynthesis of perilla essential oil components, such as citral and perillaldehyde, were isolated from three pure lines of perilla. These enzymes shared high amino acid sequence identity within the genus Perilla, and were expressed regardless of oil type. The overall reaction from geranyl diphosphate to citral was performed in vitro using geraniol synthase and GeDH to form a large proportion of citral and relatively little geraniol as reaction products. The biosynthetic pathway from geranyl diphosphate to citral, the main compound of citral-type perilla essential oil, was established in this study

コドモ ジダイ ノ maltreatment ト ジショウ コウイ オヨビ コウゲキ コウドウ ノ カンレン : バイカイ ヨウイン トシテノ アレキシサイミア ケイコウ ノ ケントウ

The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience rates and gender differences of self-injurious behaviors (SIB) and aggressive behaviors among the healthy undergraduates in Japan. In addition, we tested whether alexithymia, which is a personality construct defined as a difficulty in identifying and expressing emotional experience, mediates between childhood maltreatment, SIB, and aggressive behaviors. The sample was comprised of 300 (143 male, 157 female) undergraduate students. Measures were the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, the Self-Injurious Behaviors Questionnaire, which assessed the lifetime frequency of six methods of superficial self-injury, and the Aggressive Behaviors Questionnaire. As results, there were gender differences in 3 variables of emotional abuse, physical neglect and emotional neglect. Multiple Regression analyses revealed that the correlation between maltreatment and alexithymia was positive also in Japan. The relation was not seen between maltreatment and SIB even in the undergraduates in Japan. And, the relation was not found between alexithymia and SIB. Furthermore, the relation was not found between maltreatment, aggressive behaviors and alexithymia in the undergraduates in Japan. It was suggested that alexithymia does not contribute significantly as the mediational factor between childhood maltreatment, SIB, and aggressive behaviors among undergraduates in Japan. One reason that the hypothesis of this study was not supported may be that the quality of the SIB in this sample differed from that of previous study