Temperatures and metallicities of M giants in the galactic Bulge from low-resolution K-band spectra

With the existing and upcoming large multi-fibre low-resolution spectrographs, the question arises how precise stellar parameters such as Teff and [Fe/H] can be obtained from low-resolution K-band spectra with respect to traditional photometric temperature measurements. Until now, most of the effective temperatures in galactic Bulge studies come directly from photometric techniques. Uncertainties in interstellar reddening and in the assumed extinction law could lead to large systematic errors. We aim to obtain and calibrate the relation between Teff and the $\rm ^{12}CO$ first overtone bands for M giants in the galactic Bulge covering a wide range in metallicity. We use low-resolution spectra for 20 M giants with well-studied parameters from photometric measurements covering the temperature range 3200 < Teff < 4500 K and a metallicity range from 0.5 dex down to -1.2 dex and study the behaviour of Teff and [Fe/H] on the spectral indices. We find a tight relation between Teff and the $\rm ^{12}CO(2-0)$ band with a dispersion of 95 K as well as between Teff and the $\rm ^{12}CO(3-1)$ with a dispersion of 120 K. We do not find any dependence of these relations on the metallicity of the star, making them relation attractive for galactic Bulge studies. This relation is also not sensitive to the spectral resolution allowing to apply this relation in a more general way. We also found a correlation between the combination of the NaI, CaI and the $\rm ^{12}CO$ band with the metallicity of the star. However this relation is only valid for sub-solar metallicities. We show that low-resolution spectra provide a powerful tool to obtain effective temperatures of M giants. We show that this relation does not depend on the metallicity of the star within the investigated range and is also applicable to different spectral resolution.Comment: 6 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy&Astrophysic

Study and Analysis of Connecting Position on the Vibration Characteristics for Beam

This study proposes an investigation into the effect of stiffeners where local stiffness varies on the vibration characteristics of I beams. The main focus is to finding out the proper perforation for reducing the deflection that is caused by vibration characteristic of the beam. Based on the study, considering a castellated beam with hexagonal opening is taken as an example to locating the stiffeners where the local stiffness is reduced in the beam. The castellated beam with web openings and they gain its advantage due to its increased depth of section by cutting the beam into two pieces and welded it together to make hexagonal web openings. Hence, due to increase in depth of beam, variable load carrying capacity of the beam is getting increased. The increase in depth of castellated beam leads to local residual stresses in web openings and lateral torsional buckling failure when these beams are subjected to loading. There are many modes of failure like shear buckling, flexural failure, and rupture of the welded joint in a web post. In order to avoid all these failures stiffeners were introduced in the hexagonal castellated beam

Individual capital and social entrepreneurship : role of formal institutions

Drawing on capital theory and institutional theory, we hypothesize the contingent role of a country's formal institutions (financial, educational, and political) on the relationship between individual capital (financial, human and social capital) and social entrepreneurship entry. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, we find that all three forms of individual capital are important for social entrepreneurship entry. Moreover, we find that this relationship is contingent on the formal institutional context such that (i) philanthropy-oriented financial systems have a positive moderating effect on investment of financial capital; (ii) educational systems have a positive moderating effect on investment of human capital; and (iii) political systems have a positive moderating effect on investment of both human and financial capital. We make substantial contributions to the literature on social entrepreneurship by ascertaining the nature of contingent effects of formal institutions on the relationship between individual capital and the emergence of social enterprises

Design and real time implementation of nonlinear sliding surface with the application of super-twisting algorithm in nonlinear sliding mode control for twin rotor MIMO system

This paper proposes the design of a nonlinear sliding surface based on the principle of variable damping concept for 2-degree of freedom Twin Rotor Multiple input Multiple output System (2-dof TRMS). The implementation of the designed nonlinear sliding surface in real time is demonstrated. Super-twisting algorithm is applied in nonlinear sliding mode control. The nonlinear sliding surface enables the system trajectory to be highly robust and with the application of super-twisting algorithm in nonlinear sliding mode controller (SMC), the designed controller has minimized the problem of chattering considerably. The system is modeled in such a way that it includes all nonlinearities and coupling effects. A decoupler is designed to nullify the coupling effect. This scheme is capable of reducing both the settling time and peak overshoot simultaneously for 2-dof TRMS. The scheme also reduces the chattering. The proposed method is compared with the design using PID controller. The applicability of the designed nonlinear sliding surface and nonlinear SMC with super-twisting algorithm have been tested both in simulation and in real time. This research paper is mainly dealing with the modeling of Twin rotor MIMO system by including all nonlinearities and coupling effects, the decoupler design for 2-dof TRMS, the design of nonlinear sliding surface for 2-dof TRMS and application of super-twisting algorithm in nonlinear sliding mode control for 2-dof TRMS

Mangroves of India : Biodiversity, Conservation and Management

Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of the world. The specific regions where these plants occur are termed as 'mangrove ecosystem'. These are highly productive but extremely sensitive and fragile. Besides mangroves, the ecosystem also harbours other plant and animal species

COINTEGRATING RELATION BETWEEN EXCHANGE RATE AND GOLD PRICE

The very purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between gold price and Rupee – Dollar exchange rate in India. The study utilises the annual data of exchange Rate (ER) and Gold Price (GP) from 1970 to 2015 to determine the relationship. Different econometric tools like Unit root test, Johansen co integration test, Vector error correction model, Granger causality test are used for detecting the long run relation, if any between the mentioned variables. The result shows that there exists a long run cointegrating relation between the variables. That is we can stabilise the Gold Price movement by controlling the exchange rate fluctuations. Likewise it also shows that Exchange rate doesn’t Granger cause to Gold price and vice versa. It means that the time series data of one vasriable cannot be used to predict another

Stock assessment of Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) from Cochin waters, Kerala

Based on the catch and effort, and length distribution data of Metapenaeus monoceros landed by shrimp trawlers at Cochin Fisheries Harbour during 1991 - 93, an attempt has been made to assess the stock of this species in the Cochin waters. The average annual instantaneous rate of total mortality was estimated 7.06 and 7.75 for females and males respectively. The estimated value of annual natural mortality (M) was 2.35 and it was assumed to be the same for both sexes. The estimate of fishing mortality rate (F) was 4.71 for females and 5.40 for males of M. monoceros. The average rate of exploitation (E) was 0.70 and 0.67 respectively for males and females. The average standing stock size of M. monoceros for the period under study was 10.55 t for males and 28.65 t for females. The Thomson and Bell and the Beverton and Holt yield per recruit routines in the LFSA are used to explain the present status of fishery which shows that there is no adverse effect of fishing on the exploited stock of M. monoceros from the southwest coast off Cochin

Hydrographic features off northeast coast and Andaman - Nicobar Islands in relation to demersal finfish resources

Temperature varied from 17.6 to 28.5°C, salinity values from 32.12 to 35.21 x 10"" and dissolved oxygen from 0.8 to 4.41 ml/1. No identifiable relationship could be established between these three parameters and the total fish abundance, probably because the catch was made up of many species having different requirements. Higher abundance of trawl catches was from January to May when bottom water temperature was relatively low. The highest level of abundance of 2764 kg/hr in February 1989 was recorded when the parameters were 26°C, 33.6 x 10" and 2.71 ml/1; and the lowest level of 43.2 kg/hr in July 1988 was when the parameters were 25.3°C, 34.48 x 10'^ and 1.6 ml/1