UNIVERSALIZABILITY, IMPARTIALITY AND THE EXPANDING CIRCLE

This paper deals with the question of whether the universalizability of moral judgment, and impartiality in ethics, would require us to expand our scope of moral consideration to cover all sentient beings, human or non-human, as de Lazari-Radek and Singer wish to establish in their new volume on Sidgwick and contemporary ethics. I will argue that the former two concepts, universalizability and impartiality, may not entail the third concept, the expanding circle. De Lazari-Radek and Singer’s arguments may presuppose their moral intuitions that are not entirely self-evident, and the philosophical foundation of ethics Sidgwick presented does not necessarily lead us to their version of utilitarianism

How the Atacama Skeleton Might Advance Discussion of Responsible Conduct of Research Responsibilities

Controversies resulting from genetic testing on skeletal remains of disputed stewardship raise important questions about obligations inherent on genetic researchers to assure ethical chain of custody. In this paper, we analyze and evaluate several proposed positions on whether such research should be published. Following jurisprudential standards for legitimate regulatory systems, we argue that responsible conduct of research requires reasonable attention to chain of custody, but cannot require guarantees, particularly in cases of ancient remains

Application Of Toral Automorphisms to Preserve Confidentiality Principle in Video Live Streaming

Most of the Live Video Systems do not preserve the Confidentiality principle, and send all frames of the video without any protection, allowing an easy “man in the middle” attack. But when it does, it uses cryptographic techniques over streaming data or makes use of secure channel systems. This generates low frame rate and demands many processor resources. In fact native Live Video Streaming demands many resources of all System. In this paper we propose a technique to preserve confidentiality in Video Live Streaming applying a confusing visual method making use of the Toral Automorphism Spatial Transformation over each frame. In terms of agreeing robustness to this algorithm, we agree on two criteria: (1) Before reallocating subframes, rotate some of them 180°; and (2) Randomly choose a key to change the order of reallocating subframes. Keywords: toral automorphism, spatial transformation, subframe, man in the middle, iterations

The intertidal macrobenthic fauna of the Hatakejima Experimental Field, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, in 2019

ファイル差し替え（2021-05-17）Hatakejima Experimental Field is located in Tanabe Bay, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, which is composed of Hatakejima Island and Komarujima Islet, connected to the former in low tide. Hatakejima Island was purchased by Kyoto University and was designated as the “Hatakejima Experimental Field” in 1968. The year 2019 marks the 50th year of the long-term surveys that have been formally conducted on the experimental field since 1969 (i.e., the Century of Research Project). We conducted a field survey to record the macrobenthic fauna of the experimental field in 2019. A total of 168 species of 11 phyla were recorded in this survey. In each phylum, the number of species is listed as follows in descending order: Mollusca (78 spp.), Arthropoda (27 spp.), Echinodermata (23 spp.), Annelida (21 spp.), Cnidaria (7 spp.), Porifera (3 spp.), Nemertea (3 spp.), Platyhelminthes (2 spp.), Chordata (2 spp.), Bryozoa (1 sp.), and Hemichordata (1 sp.). We also recorded and discussed the influence of recent environmental changes around the Hatakejima Experimental Field. Tropical sea urchin species disappeared in the winter of 2017–2018 following the large meander of the Kuroshio Current, which led to decreasing water temperatures. The population of the seagrass Zostera japonica drastically decreased on the western sandy shore of the island in 2019, most likely because of two big typhoons in September 2018. We must conduct continuous observations to aid the recovery of seagrass-associated communities and protect the experimental field to keep high biodiversity of macrobenthic fauna in the future

Halftoning: revisión y análisis.

Halftoning es una técnica indispensable para mostrar imágenes digitales en pantalla e imprimirlas en papel usando cualquier tipo de impresora tales como Inkjet y láser. Además de lo anterior, la técnica de halftoning se ha empleado recientemente en diversas aplicaciones en el campo de computación y comunicación, tales como compresión y autenticación de imágenes, criptografía visual, etc. Este artículo proporciona una revisión detallada de los métodos principales de halftoning, los cuales son ordered dither, difusión de error, difusión de error con enfatización de borde, difusión de puntos, ruido verde y búsqueda binaria directa. Para el análisis de las ventajas y desventajas de cada método de halftoning se realizó una comparación de calidad de imagen halftone generada por los métodos mencionados anteriormente usando medición MOS (Mean Opinion Score). Asimismo, se consideró la complejidad computacional de cada método de halftoning