Evaluation of antibacterial immune response in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila ananassae

751-759Insects are excellent model organisms to examine the phenotypic variation of innate immunity. The innate immunity is the immediate response of invertebrates for protection against pathogens. In this study, we assessed the immune responses of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila ananassae against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It includes survival ability against infection, systemic pathogen load, and estimation of phenoloxidase activity, melanization reaction, the total number of hemocytes, quantification of fat, and the nitrite levels in adult flies and also the bacterial inhibitory effect of hemolymph. The results showed increased bacterial growth in D. ananassae compared to D. melanogaster. Due to bacterial infection, reduced fat accumulation was observed in both D. ananassae and D. melanogaster, which suggests a possible decline in physiological condition. Further, a significant elevation in phenoloxidase, nitrite levels and hemolymph reveals that bacterial cell growth was found to be inhibited due to the immune response of both Drosophila species. D. ananassae showed high sensitivity to bacterial infection, while D. melanogaster showed moderate sensitivity. The results have demonstrated the level of immunocompetence of laboratory stocks of D. melanogaster and D. ananassae against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Evaluation of antibacterial immune response in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila ananassae

Insects are excellent model organisms to examine the phenotypic variation of innate immunity. The innate immunity is the immediate response of invertebrates for protection against pathogens. In this study, we assessed the immune responses of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila ananassae against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It includes survival ability against infection, systemic pathogen load, and estimation of phenoloxidase activity, melanization reaction, the total number of hemocytes, quantification of fat, and the nitrite levels in adult flies and also the bacterial inhibitory effect of hemolymph. The results showed increased bacterial growth in D. ananassae compared to D. melanogaster. Due to bacterial infection, reduced fat accumulation was observed in both D. ananassae and D. melanogaster, which suggests a possible decline in physiological condition. Further, a significant elevation in phenoloxidase, nitrite levels and hemolymph reveals that bacterial cell growth was found to be inhibited due to the immune response of both Drosophila species. D. ananassae showed high sensitivity to bacterial infection, while D. melanogaster showed moderate sensitivity. The results have demonstrated the level of immunocompetence of laboratory stocks of D. melanogaster and D. ananassae against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Effect of extraction methods on physicochemical, nutritional, antinutritional, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil

The effect of three different extraction methods, namely supercritical CO2, soxhlet and solvent methods on the yield, efficiency, physico-chemical properties, nutritional, anti-nutritional composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) seed kernel oil was investigated in this study. Oil extraction for SC-CO2 were 37.76 g/100g and 98.43%, observed to be higher than those of soxhlet extraction (29.12 g/100g and 76.29%), and significantly lower than solvent extraction (22.12 g/100g and 57.99%). The physico-chemical composition of the oils showed considerable variation among the extraction methods. The SC-CO2 extracted oil was found to be of superior quality, showing negligible thermal degradation and exhibited significantly (p<0.01) higher nutritional and antioxidant activity and lower anti-nutritional composition than the soxhlet and solvent extracted oils. Oils produced by SC-CO2 and soxhlet extraction methods had antimicrobial activities higher than solvent extracted oil. SCCO2 extracted oil was found to have maximum number of bioactive compounds (14 compounds) followed by solvent (8 compounds) and soxhlet (4 compounds) extracted oil. The results of the study demonstrated that SC-CO2 would be a promising process for the extraction of moringa seed kernel oil of premium quality

Synthesis, structure, thermal, magnetic, dielectric properties of Ce3+doped M-type SrFe12O19 and electrochemical determination of L-cysteine

Cerium substituted SrFe12O19 with the nano composition of Sr(1-x)CexFe12O19 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.09) have been prepared using auto-combustion technique with dual fuel. The PXRD images confirmed a single-phase hexagonal crystalline structure similar to a magnetoplumbhite for all samples. Fourier transform infra-red spec-troscopy (FT-IR), field emission-scanning electron spectroscopy (FE-SEM), elemental mapping (EDS) were used to examine for the structure and morphology of the samples. The temperature dependent hexagonal phase formation and percentage weight loss was studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis confirmed that M-SrHF's are hard magnetic in nature and super paramagnetic, these are measured at room temperature. It was found that, with the increase of the dopant Ce3+ in strontium ferrites, the values of saturation magnetization (MS), remanence magnetization (Mr), coer-civity (HC) and magnetic parameters of strontium ferrites decrease. The electrochemical behavior of the SrHF's electrode and the electro-oxidation of L-cysteine was investigated using of cyclic voltammetry (CV). The best voltammetric response has been observed for a SrHF's electrode in buffer solution at pH of 7.0 with -an acquisition and scan rate of 50 mV s-1. The dielectric properties are measured in LCR meter and described based on the Maxwell-Wagner's two layer model. The electron hopping between Sr2+ and Sr3+, as well as Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions on B-sites, drives the conduction mechanism in these ferrites, these nano hexaferrites which shows its suitability in various technological applications

Effect of Kusha Swarasa in the Management of Mootravaha Sroto Dusti Vikara

Mutravaha Srotas is one among the Abhyantara Srotas, concerned with Utpatti, Visarjana of Mutra and maintaining the Kledata in the body. Causes for kidney function are not specific and might include Obstruction of urination, burning micturition, excessive urination, scanty urination, feeling generally unwell, having a reduced appetite over a period of long duration. Among Trinapanchmula Kusha is the one that promote the urine formation thereby flushing the kidneys and urinary tract while eliminating any excess water retention, and to remove the Mutra from the body. In day today practice it is not up to the mark being Ayurveda Profesionalists as limited utility of Trinapanchamoola in therapeutic usage were common community uses in the form of grass juice in their routine practice for accurate documentation. Here an effort made to understand the utility of drug Kusha Swarasa in clinical practice for the management of Mootravaha sroto vikara. Aims and objectives: To evaluate the effect Kusha of on Mutravaha Srotas. Materials and methods: 30 elderly peoples aged between 60 to 75 years are selected by random sampling method and separated as control and study group. Fresh Leaves of the Kusha grass is taken, juice is extracted and given as per the standard dose of Swarasa. It is given in early morning before having the food for 7 days along with Madhu is used as Anupana and 15 days follow up is done. Observations and result: Kusha Swarasawas effective in elderly old age peoples. Discussion and Conclusion: Kusha Swarasa is significantly effective in treating Mutravaha Sroto Dusti Lakshana of apparently healthy elderly old age peoples.  Keywords- Jara, Kusha, Mutravaha Srotas, Srotas

DESMOSTACHYA BIPINNATA - A NOVEL FARMING METHOD

Grasses are the most flourishing plants on earth as monocotyledonous plants. They have been a survivor on the planet despite of various ecological changes. They deserve the medicinal value and therefore considered as novel repositories. The grass family is considered as sacred, it has great significance in Ayurveda because of medicinal as well as clinical properties. Methods: Kusha grows commonly and abundantly at agricultural field especially in dry and sandy soil. As are more grass species found in the moderately temperate and moist regionof India whereas Kusha can be grown indoors and outdoors. Results: Growth of plants has seen within duration of 20 to 25 days. In this study effort made to explain the naturalcultivation methods for getting best medicinal effect in drug Kusha. Efficacy of the naturally grown plant shown the good result in laboratory investigations as compare to the manual grown. Usage of single drug is cost effective in day today practice by adopting natural farming method. Conclusion: By following proper plantation methods one can yield high medicinal properties in the drugs to reach the expected result. Key words: Cultivation methods, Kusha, Mutravaha Srotas, Trinapanchamula

Hydrogen injection in a dual fuel engine fueled with low-pressure injection of methyl ester of peruvenia thevetia [MEPT] for diesel engine maintenance application

The present work is mapped to scrutinize the consequence of biodiesel and gaseous fuel properties, and their impact on compression-ignition (CI) engine combustion and emission characteristics in single and dual fuel operation. Biodiesel prepared from non-edible oil source derived from Thevetia peruviana belonging to the plant family of Apocynaceaeis. The fuel has been referred as methyl ester of Thevetia peruviana (METP) and adopted as pilot fuel for the effective combustion of compressed gaseous fuel of hydrogen. This investigation is an effort to augment the engine performance of a biodiesel-gaseous fueled diesel engine operated under varied engine parameters. Subsequently, consequences of gas flow rate, injection timing, gas entry type, and manifold gas injection on the modified dual-fuel engine using conventional mechanical fuel injections (CMFIS) for optimum engine performance were investigated. Fuel consumption, CO, UHC, and smoke formations are spotted to be less besides higher NOx emissions compared to CMFIS operation. The fuel burning features such as ignition delay, burning interval, and variation of pressure and heat release rates with crank angle are scrutinized and compared with base fuel. Sustained research in this direction can convey practical engine technology, concerning fuel combinations in the dual fuel mode, paving the way to alternatives which counter the continued fossil fuel utilization that has detrimental impacts on the climate

Occupational Stress among Software Employees: Role of Corporate Companies

Occupational stress is received increasing attention in the literature; however, this phenomenon is more common in the situations that are target oriented, deadline driven. Software Industry is one such sector, in which the employees are affected profoundly and serving these organizations are often observed under huge stress. Working in such environment produces many other types of pressures and results in the form of lack of sleep, job dissatisfaction, burnout, long working hours, and pressure at work. Night shifts, and degradation of employee motivation, behaviour, which again lead to various mental health and physical problems. It is difficult to say what factors contribute to the stress, because job stress may be caused by a complex set of reasons. Some of the most visible factors of job stress are work stressors, role stressors, personal development stressors, interpersonal relation stressors and organizational climate stressors etc. This article tries to provide conceptual understanding on occupational stress and explains role of corporate companies in planning occupational stress interventions to combat occupational stress

A Hybrid Stock Price Prediction Model Based on PRE and Deep Neural Network

Stock prices are volatile due to different factors that are involved in the stock market, such as geopolitical tension, company earnings, and commodity prices, affecting stock price. Sometimes stock prices react to domestic uncertainty such as reserve bank policy, government policy, inflation, and global market uncertainty. The volatility estimation of stock is one of the challenging tasks for traders. Accurate prediction of stock price helps investors to reduce the risk in portfolio or investment. Stock prices are nonlinear. To deal with nonlinearity in data, we propose a hybrid stock prediction model using the prediction rule ensembles (PRE) technique and deep neural network (DNN). First, stock technical indicators are considered to identify the uptrend in stock prices. We considered moving average technical indicators: moving average 20 days, moving average 50 days, and moving average 200 days. Second, using the PRE technique-computed different rules for stock prediction, we selected the rules with the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) score. Third, the three-layer DNN is considered for stock prediction. We have fine-tuned the hyperparameters of DNN, such as the number of layers, learning rate, neurons, and number of epochs in the model. Fourth, the average results of the PRE and DNN prediction model are combined. The hybrid stock prediction model results are computed using the mean absolute error (MAE) and RMSE metric. The performance of the hybrid stock prediction model is better than the single prediction model, namely DNN and ANN, with a 5% to 7% improvement in RMSE score. The Indian stock price data are considered for the work