57 research outputs found
Use of Indicators to Evaluate Sustainability of Animal Production Systems
SUMMARY – Few indicators for sustainability are used in studying animal production systems. Sustainability of
these systems should be evaluated in a dynamic and multidisciplinary manner, and those indicators used should
allow for detecting the systems' most relevant properties, as well as the tendency of those systems to change.
Indicators proposed by FAO provide information regarding all attributes of sustainability, although in a manner
which is overly focused on technical and economic indicators at the expense of social and environmental factors.
In order to use these indicators to evaluate sustainability, it is necessary to: (i) integrate and reduce the number
of indicators, balancing them for all sustainability attributes; (ii) generate indicators which show system
sustainability in relation to the economic, environmental and social context; and (iii) design indicators which show
system evolution and the influence of this process on that system’s sustainability.RESUME – "Utilisation d'indicateurs pour évaluer la durabilité des systèmes de production animale". Les
indicateurs permettant de caractériser la durabilité des systèmes de production animale sont peu développés.
L'évaluation de la durabilité de ces systèmes doit être dynamique et multidisciplinaire et les indicateurs utilisés
doivent permettre de détecter les caractéristiques les plus importantes des systèmes et leur évolution. Les
indicateurs proposés par la FAO servent à informer sur tous les attributs liés à la durabilité, mais d’une façon non
équilibrée et trop centrée sur le système de production. Pour rendre possible l’utilisation des indicateurs FAO en
tant qu'évaluateurs de la durabilité des systèmes, il conviendra de: (i) réduire le nombre d'indicateurs obtenus à
partir des données de l’exploitation, en cherchant un équilibre entre le nombre d’indicateurs qui correspondent à
chaque attribut de la durabilité ; (ii) générer des indicateurs représentatifs de la durabilité des systèmes liés à
l'environnement, aussi bien physique, économique que social ; et (iii) créer des indicateurs qui renseignent sur
l’évolution du système et de sa durabilité
Classification, characterisation and strategies for improvement of cattle and sheep pasture systems in marginal areas of Southern Chile
Pasture-based livestock systems in farms with medium or low size are especially important in less favored areas and are valuable for society. For these systems to survive, it is necessary to obtain an acceptable level of productivity and ensure commercialization of the products. This study was carried out in the district of Rio Ibáñez, General Carrera Province, in the XI (Aysén) Region of Chile. The sample consisted of 28 small-scale livestock farmers with dual-purpose cattle production; 16 of them also produced sheep for meat. The empirical data produced 55 variables which were subjected to multivariate analysis; three main components were obtained which explain 72.1 % of the variance. By cluster analysis it was obtained four groups with characteristics which varied by farm size, age and personal situation of farmers, farm management and farm profitability. The principal problems found are low productivity in the herds and the poor marketing channels of animals produced. In two groups, due to the low size and poor management, the profitability of the farms is very low and this may compromise their future. To improve production systems, the training and advice of farmers should be strengthened, investment should be supported, especially for young people, and the farmer partnership should be promoted. There is also a need to diversify the families' sources of income (sale of other farm products or handicrafts and touristic activities).Ministerio de Economía de Chile Innova-CORFO Project 11 NTEC 1279
Classification, characterisation and strategies for improvement of cattle and sheep pasture systems in marginal areas of Southern Chile
Pasture-based livestock systems in farms with medium or low size are especially important in less favored areas and are valuable for society. For these systems to survive, it is necessary to obtain an acceptable level of productivity and ensure commercialization of the products. This study was carried out in the district of Rio Ibáñez, General Carrera Province, in the XI (Aysén) Region of Chile. The sample consisted of 28 small-scale livestock farmers with dual-purpose cattle production; 16 of them also produced sheep for meat. The empirical data produced 55 variables which were subjected to multivariate analysis; three main components were obtained which explain 72.1 % of the variance. By cluster analysis it was obtained four groups with characteristics which varied by farm size, age and personal situation of farmers, farm management and farm profitability. The principal problems found are low productivity in the herds and the poor marketing channels of animals produced. In two groups, due to the low size and poor management, the profitability of the farms is very low and this may compromise their future. To improve production systems, the training and advice of farmers should be strengthened, investment should be supported, especially for young people, and the farmer partnership should be promoted. There is also a need to diversify the families' sources of income (sale of other farm products or handicrafts and touristic activities).Ministerio de Economía de Chile Innova-CORFO Project 11 NTEC 1279
Proposal of environmental indicators of sustainability for ruminant pastoral production system
Este artículo es la continuación de un estudio
previo presentado por los autores en el Seminario
FAO-CIEHAM (Organización para la
Agricultura y la Alimentación- Centro Internacional
de Altos Estudios Agronómicos Mediterráneos)
celebrado en Sevilla, España, en 2005,
en el cual se realizó un análisis preliminar acerca
del uso de los indicadores de la FAO-CIEHAM
para evaluar la sustentabilidad de granjas con
pequeños rumiantes. El artículo que se presenta
ofrece una lista de 48 indicadores ambientales
genéricos, adaptada a las granjas con pequeños
rumiantes con relación a ocho aspectos: prácticas
agrícolas, suelo, agua, paisaje, energía, residuos,
bienestar animal y biodiversidad. Se necesita trabajo
adicional para completar y perfeccionar esta
lista, la cual se ha obtenido a partir de la consulta
a expertos y de una revisión de metodologías existentes.This paper is the continuation of a previous
study presented by the authors in the FAO-CIEHAM
(Food and Agriculture OrganizationInternational
Center for Advanced Mediterranean
Agronomic Studies) seminar in Seville in 2005,
in which, a preliminary analysis was made of the
use of FAO-CIHEAM indicators to evaluate
sustainability of small ruminant farms. The paper
presented provides a list of 48 generic environmental
indicators adapted to small ruminant farms
with respect to eight aspects: agricultural practices,
soil, water, landscape, energy, residues, animal
welfare, and biodiversity. Further work is necessary
to complete and perfect this list which has
been obtained from a review of methodologi
Botanical Composition and Nutritive Value of Grazing Lands from Organic and Conventional Agrosilvopastoral Production Systems of Tropical Southeastern Mexico
In the current situation of agriculture, organic livestock farming has been not only adapted to ameliorate undesirable impacts on environment but also it is challenged to hold or improve agricultural yields obtain-ed by conventional agriculture. In the Mesoamerican biological corridor, a region recognized with an abundant diversity, almost all animal husbandry is based on extensive grazing and traditional agrosilvopastoral systems (Nahed-Toral et al. 2009; Nahed et al. 2010). Furthermore, the conversion of natural jungle areas to new farmland through deforestation is a prevalent problem for biological conservation. Therefore, precise knowledge for suitable agriculture and livestock product-ion are needed to stop the ecological damage while the economic and social aspects are attended. The present study aims to investigate the relative frequency of botanical species for ruminant production in organic and conventional systems in south-eastern Mexico. The study would help to describe forage availabilities and nutritive potential of species that can be use as basis to plan more efficient agrosilvopastoral systems while preserving ecological and sustainable farming practices
Evaluating mountain goat dairy systems for conversion to the organic model, using a multicriteria method
Organic farming conserves natural resources, promotes biodiversity, guarantees animal welfare and obtains healthy products from raw materials through natural processes. In order to evaluate possibilities of increasing organic animal production, this study proposes a farm-scale multicriteria method for assessing the conversion of dairy goat systems to the organic model. In addition, a case study in the Northern Sierra of Seville, southern Spain, is analysed. A consensus of expert opinions and a field survey are used to validate a list of potential indicators and issues for assessing the conversion, which consider not only the European Community regulations for organic livestock farming, but also agroecological principles. As a result, the method includes 56 variables integrated in nine indicators: Nutritional management, Sustainable pasture management, Soil fertility and contamination, Weed and pest control, Disease prevention, Breeds and reproduction, Animal welfare, Food safety and Marketing and management. The nine indicators are finally integrated in a global index named OLPI (Organic Livestock Proximity Index). Application of the method to a case study with 24 goat farms reveals an OLPI value of 46.5% for dairy goat farms located in mountain areas of southern Spain. The aspects that differ most from the agroecological model include soil management, animal nutrition and product marketing. Results of the case study indicate that the proposed method is easy to implement and is useful for quantifying the approximation of conventional farms to an organic model
Organic and conventional dairy goat production systems in Andalusian mountainous areas
Organic goat production is poorly developed in Spain. Conventional dairy goat production
systems located in Andalusian mountainous areas greatly depend on pasturing which implies that its
transformation to organic model is not difficult. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the viability of
organic dairy goat farms –as compared to conventional–, and to study the possibilities of transitioning from
conventional to organic goat production. This study was carried out in 2006 in Sierra de Cádiz (Andalusia)
with the autochthonous breed Payoya. To monitor technico-economic aspects of goat farms, FAO-CIHEAM
method was implemented. Results indicate that organic farms are economically viable, due mainly to low
costs of external feeds and income from European Union subsidies. For transitioning from conventional to
organic dairy goat production a reduction of consumption of concentrates per animal and per year and/or
cultivate grain on the farm are necessary.La production caprine biologique est encore peu développée en Espagne. Les systèmes caprins
laitiers dans les zones de montagne de l’Andalousie disposent de grandes surfaces pour le pâturage, et,
par conséquent, il est assez facile de transformer ces systèmes en systèmes biologiques. L’objectif de ce
travail est d’évaluer la viabilité des systèmes caprins biologiques par rapport aux systèmes caprins
conventionnels et d’étudier les possibilités de conversion des systèmes conventionnels en systèmes
biologiques. L’étude a été réalisée en 2006 dans la Sierra de Cádiz (Andalousie) avec une race autochtone
(Payoya). On a utilisé la méthodologie FAO-CIHEAM pour le suivi technico-économique des exploitations
caprines. Les résultats montrent que les systèmes biologiques sont économiquement viables compte tenu
surtout des moindres coûts alimentaires par rapport aux systèmes conventionnels et des aides de l’Union
Européenne. Pour réussir la transformation des systèmes laitiers caprins conventionnels en systèmes
biologiques, il faut réduire l’apport de concentrés et essayer de les produire dans l’exploitation.Junta Andalucí
Social indicators for evaluating sustainability of goat livestock farms: methodological approach
Currently, sustainability is an objective for any
economic activity or development process. Many
studies with theoretical reflections relating to the
concept of sustainability exist, but few methodological
contributions adequately quantify and evaluate the
level of sustainability of agraricultural systems,
specifically with respect to small ruminant. The level
of sustainability of these systems should be estimated
taking into account not only economic and
environmental aspects, but also social ones. Despite its
importance to the functioning of agraricultural
systems, the social dimension has been little
addressed, and is frequently ignored in studies of this
nature. Then, the objective of this study is to carry out
methodological reflections based on identification and
quantification of social indicators applied to goat
livestock farms. Furthermore, this study forms part of
a broader comparative study on sustainable
development of animal systems in Andalusia (Spain)
and Chiapas (Mexico), in which economic,
environmental, and social indicators are used in an
integrated manner. The methodology used to obtain
indicators is based on the authors´ knowledge of the
functioning of goat livestock systems, focus groups
and opinions of experts in the field, and revision of the
available bibliography. As a result of the study, we
propose a group of indicators made up of several
variables based on the logical-mathematical principals
of different scales of measurement as well as on
multicriteria analysis. The social indicators proposed
refer to several themes: i) multi-functionality; ii)
membership in professional associations; iii)
implication for local life; iv) social well-being (quality
of life, especially that related to work); and v)
continuity of the goats livestock activity
Laboratorios interactivos para el aprendizaje experiencial y el manejo integrado del parasitismo gastrointestinal de ovinos y caprinos
The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of interactive laboratories in generating meaningful learning, modifier of parasite control practices. Interactive laboratories are a methodology for the building of knowledge that facilitate the interaction of sheep and goat farmers with laboratory techniques, on their own farm, to enrich their perceptions about the parasitic process. The research was conducted in the Cauto River Valley, Cuba, in the municipalities of Jiguaní and Bayamo. Fifty sheep and goat farmers were studied. From an interpretative approach, the effect of the activities implemented with the methodology of interactive laboratories on the learning of farmers regarding gastrointestinal strongylosis of small ruminants was evaluated. The participating farmers showed a limited initial understanding of the processes of parasitic infestation based on the lack of previous perceptions about them. The interactive laboratories allowed the creation of key perceptions of the parasitic process, such as etiological agents, sources of infestation and transmission mechanisms; based on a new semantic network with concepts assimilated from visual and lived experience. This allowed the conceptual differentiation of gastrointestinal strongyles with respect to other etiological agents, as well as different stages of the life cycle of these parasites. As a consequence, there was meaningful learning with effective changes in parasite control practices, consistent with preventive strategies.El objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de los laboratorios interactivos en la generación de un aprendizaje significativo, modificador de las prácticas de control parasitario. Los laboratorios interactivos son una metodología para la construcción de saberes que facilitan la interacción de los criadores de ovinos y caprinos con técnicas de laboratorio, en su propia finca, para enriquecer sus percepciones sobre el proceso parasitario. La investigación se desarrolló en el Valle del Río Cauto, Cuba, en los municipios de Jiguaní y Bayamo. Se estudiaron 50 criadores de ovinos y caprinos. Desde un enfoque interpretativo, se evaluó el efecto de las actividades implementadas con la metodología de laboratorios interactivos sobre el aprendizaje de los criadores respecto a la estrongilosis gastrointestinal de los pequeños rumiantes. Los criadores participantes mostraron un entendimiento inicial limitado de los procesos de infestación parasitaria a partir de la falta de percepciones previas sobre los mismos. Los laboratorios interactivos permitieron la creación de percepciones clave del proceso parasitario, tales como agentes etiológicos, fuentes de infestación y mecanismos de transmisión; sustentadas en una nueva red semántica con conceptos asimilados a partir de la experiencia visual y vivencial. Esto permitió la diferenciación conceptual de los estrongílidos gastrointestinales con respecto a otros agentes etiológicos, así como diferentes estadios del ciclo de vida de estos parásitos. Como consecuencia, se produjo un aprendizaje significativo con cambios efectivos en las prácticas de control parasitario, consistentes con estrategias preventivas
Evaluación de la proximidad de sistemas ovinos de la raza Segureña a un modelo de producción agroecológico
La sociedad europea demanda cada vez más que la producción
de alimentos sea respetuosa con el medio ambiente,
cuidando además su calidad nutritiva. Muchos de
los sistemas pastorales de pequeños rumiantes presentes
en España cumplen con la mayoría de los criterios de
sostenibilidad. Los sistemas de la raza Segureña se basan
en un modelo pastoral en una de las zonas más desfavorecidas
del territorio español. Con el presente trabajo se
pretende valorar la cercanía que dichos sistemas tienen
a un modelo agroecológico optimizado. Los resultados
muestran un valor de cercanía o proximidad del 64,4%,
pudiendo este valor aumentar realizando algunas modificaciones
funcionales o de manejo. El manejo alimentario
es el aspecto que tiene una mayor proximidad, en cambio
los factores relacionados con la sanidad son los que
presentan menores valores de proximidad. Potenciar los
aspectos agroecológicos que favorezcan la sostenibilidad
a través de criterios que sean fácilmente comprensibles
por los consumidores, mejora las posibilidades de
comercialización de los productos de estos sistemas en
nichos de mercado especializados
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