Le serpent léontocéphale Chnoubis et la magie de l’époque romaine impériale

Le serpent à tête de lion radiée, désigné par le nom Chnoubis ou Chnoumis, est l'une des figures familières des gemmes magiques de l'époque romaine impériale. Différentes traditions - médicales, astrologiques, lapidaires - attribuent à cette créature diverses compétences thérapeutiques (contre les maux d'estomac, pour la protection de la matrice...). Cet article dresse un bilan de l'iconographie de Chnoubis/Chnoumis qui apparaît sur différentes sortes de pierre, souvent de forme arrondie, et examine la signification et la fonction du « signe de Chnoubis » une haste barrée de trois S, qui lui est associé. Nous ferons aussi le point des différentes hypothèses concernant l'origine du personnage, notamment sur ses rapports avec Knem, le premier décan du lion, le dieu primordial Kematef (Kmeph), le dieu bélier Khnoum et les divinités solaires, ainsi qu'avec d'autres serpents comme l'Agathodaimon. Cette enquête nous permettra d'expliquer comment une entité décanique est devenue une puissante divinité solaire à part entière, associée au Dieu d'Israël, dont la popularité survit à l'Antiquité.The lion-headed snake Chnoubis and Roman imperial magic The radiated and lion- headed snake, designated by the name Chnoubis or Chnoumis, is one of the familiar figures of magical gems dating to the Roman imperial period. Different traditions - medical, astrological, relating to the quality of stones - attribute to this creature various therapeutic competences (against stomach troubles, for the protection of the uterus). This paper reviews the iconography of Chnoubis/Chnoumis which appears on different types of stones, often of a round shape, and examines the meaning and function of the so-called “Chnoubis sign”, a triple S with a horizontal stroke in the middle, often associated wirth the snake. We also review the different hypotheses relating to the origin of the figure, especially its relationship with Knem, the first decan of the lion, the primordial god Kematef (Kmeph), the ram-god Khnum and solar deities, as well as with other snakes like the Agathodaimon. This survey allows us to suggest how a decanic entity became a powerful solar deity, associated with the God of Israel, whose popularity survived Antiquity

Probability-based Vendor Selection Model for the Hungarian Automotive Supply Network

The aim of this paper is to investigate the structure of the Hungarian automotive supply network and provide a possible solution that mathematically describes the connections between the interested parties. In the study an approximate model is introduced to determine the links between hubs (car manufacturers), nodes (Tier1 suppliers) and edges, combining probability random graph and scale free network theory. During the simulation some main drivers were applied for selection purposes, such as location, turnover, product profile. As a result of the study a potential tool has been designed to support decision-making

Comparative Study on Surfactants Mixtures in Aqueous Solution at Atmospheric Pressure and 10 bar Reservoir Atmosphere

This paper considers anionic and nonionic surfactants, as candidates for crude oil production by enhancement applications. In this study some colloidal properties of surfactants were tested by conventional and new test methods. The oil in water type emulsions have great importance in the petroleum industry. The stability of crude oil in water emulsions are investigated in a wide range of physical and chemical circumstances. Investigations at 10 bar are needed to get knowledges on the real conditions of the given petroleum exploration processes. A special glass cell was used for the tests of the mixtures various crude oil-water emulsions under hydrocarbon gas atmosphere and for the oil disclapement efficiency. Based on the experimental results it was found that emulsifying capacity was changed significantly by the real process conditions. The decrease of the density of hydrocarbon phase was contributed to the overall reduction in the efficiency of emulsifiers also occurred. Based on the experimented data it is supported to pay more attention to apply the real test conditions or approximate the real values