Digital data transmission using electro-optically modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with saturable absorber

An electro-optically (EO) modulated oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) containing a saturable absorber in the VCSEL cavity is studied. The device contains an EO modulator section that is resonant with the VCSEL cavity. A type-II EO superlattice medium is employed in the modulator section and shown to result in a strong negative EO effect in weak electric fields. Applying the reverse bias voltages to the EO section allows triggering of short pulses in the device. Digital data transmission (return-to-zero pseudo-random bit sequence, 27-1) at 10Gb/s at bit-error-rates well below 10-9 is demonstrated. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC

Determination of the number of light neutrino species

The cross-section for e+e− → hadrons in the vicinity of the Z boson peak has been measured with the ALEPH detector at the CERN Large Electron Positron collider, LEP. Measurements of the Z mass, Mz = (91.174±0.070) GeV, the Z width Γz=(2.68±0.15) GeV, and of the peak hadronic cross-section, σhadpeak=(29.3±1.2) nb, are presented. With the constraints of the standard electroweak model, the number of light neutrino species is found to be Nv=3.27±0.30. this results rules out of the possibility of a fourth type of light neutrino at 98% CL