Modélisation du renard hydraulique et interprétation de l'essai d'érosion de trou

National audienceL'érosion par renard hydraulique est l'une des causes de rupture des ouvrages hydrauliques. Elle est liée à la formation et au développement d'un tunnel continu entre l'amont et l'aval. L'essai d'érosion au trou est très utilisé pour quantifier la cinétique d'érosion par renard. Toutefois, peu de travaux ont porté sur la modélisation de cette expérimentation. A partir des équations d'écoulement diphasique avec diffusion, et des équations de saut avec érosion, un modèle à deux paramètres décrivant l'agrandissement d'un conduit par érosion hydraulique est proposé. Le premier paramètre est la contrainte seuil. Le second paramètre est le coefficient d'érosion. La comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux publiés valide le modèle. Nous en déduisons alors, pour un ouvrage hydraulique (barrage , digue), une évaluation du temps restant jusqu'à la brêche

Clinical Features, Cardiovascular Risk Profile, and Therapeutic Trajectories of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Candidate for Oral Semaglutide Therapy in the Italian Specialist Care

Introduction: This study aimed to address therapeutic inertia in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) by investigating the potential of early treatment with oral semaglutide. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between October 2021 and April 2022 among specialists treating individuals with T2D. A scientific committee designed a data collection form covering demographics, cardiovascular risk, glucose control metrics, ongoing therapies, and physician judgments on treatment appropriateness. Participants completed anonymous patient questionnaires reflecting routine clinical encounters. The preferred therapeutic regimen for each patient was also identified. Results: The analysis was conducted on 4449 patients initiating oral semaglutide. The population had a relatively short disease duration (42%  60% of patients, and more often than sitagliptin or empagliflozin. Conclusion: The study supports the potential of early implementation of oral semaglutide as a strategy to overcome therapeutic inertia and enhance T2D management

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

Érosion par écoulement de conduit

International audienceErosion is the most common cause of failures at earth-dams, dikes and levees, whether through overtopping and overflowing, or internal erosion and piping. This Chapter focuses on the concentrated leak erosion process. Concentrated leak erosion involves the formation of a crack or concentrated leak directly from the source for water to an exit point. Erosion initiates along the walls of the concentrated leak. This chapter provides the salient features of the Hole Erosion Test, and the latest breakthroughs in modeling the failure of an earth-dam or a levee by concentrated leak erosion and piping

Modélisation du renard hydraulique et interprétation de l'essai d'érosion de trou

National audienceL'érosion par renard hydraulique est l'une des causes de rupture des ouvrages hydrauliques. Elle est liée à la formation et au développement d'un tunnel continu entre l'amont et l'aval. L'essai d'érosion au trou est très utilisé pour quantifier la cinétique d'érosion par renard. Toutefois, peu de travaux ont porté sur la modélisation de cette expérimentation. A partir des équations d'écoulement diphasique avec diffusion, et des équations de saut avec érosion, un modèle à deux paramètres décrivant l'agrandissement d'un conduit par érosion hydraulique est proposé. Le premier paramètre est la contrainte seuil. Le second paramètre est le coefficient d'érosion. La comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux publiés valide le modèle. Nous en déduisons alors, pour un ouvrage hydraulique (barrage , digue), une évaluation du temps restant jusqu'à la brêche

Érosion par écoulement de conduit

International audienceErosion is the most common cause of failures at earth-dams, dikes and levees, whether through overtopping and overflowing, or internal erosion and piping. This Chapter focuses on the concentrated leak erosion process. Concentrated leak erosion involves the formation of a crack or concentrated leak directly from the source for water to an exit point. Erosion initiates along the walls of the concentrated leak. This chapter provides the salient features of the Hole Erosion Test, and the latest breakthroughs in modeling the failure of an earth-dam or a levee by concentrated leak erosion and piping

On the modelling of piping erosion

A phenomenon called 'piping' often occurs in hydraulics works, involving the formation and evolution of a continuous tunnel between the upstream and the downstream sides. The hole erosion test is commonly used to quantify the rate of piping erosion. However, few attempts have been made to model these tests. From the equations for diphasic flow with diffusion, and the equations of jump with erosion, a piping model is developed. A characteristic time of internal erosion process is proposed. Comparison with experimental data validates our results. To cite this article: S. Bonelli et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).Sur la modélisation de l'érosion interne. Un phénomène dénommé « renard » survient souvent sur les ouvrages hydrauliques. Il est lié à la formation et au développement d'un tunnel continu entre l'amont et l'aval. L'essai d'érosion au trou est très utilisé pour quantifier la cinétique d'érosion par renard. Toutefois, peu de travaux ont porté sur la modélisation de cette expérimentation. A partir des équations d'écoulement diphasique avec diffusion, et des équations de saut avec érosion, nous développons un modèle pour l'érosion par renard. Nous proposons un temps caractéristique de ce mécanisme d'érosion. Nous validons notre approche par comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux. Pour citer cet article : S. Bonelli et al., C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006)

Criteria of Erosion for Cohesive Soils

International audienceThis paper focus on three types of erosion: the suffusion, the backward erosion, and the piping erosion processes. A new triaxial device to quantifying suffusion and backward erosion, and a new model for interpreting the Hole Erosion Test, are presented. It is recommended to use these erosion tests in order to evaluate the erosion parameters on any sample of cohesive soil from a site