Effect of Selected Corrective Exercises on Glenohumeral Rotation range of Motion in Overhead Athletes with Scapular Dyskinesis

In overhead exercises, performing the repetitive and high-intensity throwing movements causes to reduce the internal rotation range of motion (IR ROM) in the dominant shoulder by applying small and continuous pressures on the glenohumeral joint capsule. This factor can cause scapular dyskinesis (SD) and predispose to shoulder injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of selected corrective exercises on the shoulder rotation range of motion and SD in overhead athletes. The present study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on 54 volleyball players with SD. Goniometer and Lateral scapular slide test (LSST) were used to measure the shoulder rotation ROM and SD, respectively. The experimental group participated in eight weeks of selected corrective exercises. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test. In the experimental group, the shoulder IR ROM and SD after exercise showed a significant increase (P= 0.001) and a decrease (P= 0.001), respectively; while in the control group, the changes were not significant. Therefore, the selected corrective exercises can lead to an increase in the shoulder IR ROM and correct the SD in overhead athletes, and it is recommended to consider it as a part of their routine exercises.   &nbsp

Evaluation of the effect of carbamazepine on gonadal development in female rats

چکیده: ‏ زمینه و هدف: کاربامازپین یکی از داروهای موثر در درمان صرع می باشد و استفاده از آن همراه با اثرات تراتوژنیک است. ‏هدف این مطالعه بررسی اثر کاربامازپین بر تکوین غدد جنسی موش صحرایی ماده ‏می باشد.‏ روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی60 سر موش صحرایی باردار به 2 دسته تقسیم شدند که هر دسته شامل گروه های ‏کنترل، شم، دوزهای ‏‎ mg/kg‏10، 15 و 30 داروی کاربامازپین بودند. تمامی تزریق ها به صورت درون صفاقی در روزهای ‏‏18-14 بارداری (تکوین جنینی غدد جنسی)، و در روزهای 10-0 پس از تولد (تکوین پس از تولد غدد جنسی) انجام شد. ‏به زاده های هردو گروه اجازه داده شد تا به سن 7 هفته برسند. سپس تخمدان راست آنها خارج و مورد رنگ آمیزی بافتی ‏هماتوکسیلین و ائوزین قرارگرفتند . داده ها با استفاده از آنالیز آماری یک و دوطرفه ‏ANOVA‏ و آزمون تعقیبی‎ ‎Tukeyتجزیه و تحلیل شدند. ‏ یافته ها: نتایج حاصل نشان می دهد که استفاده از کاربامازپین سبب افزایش تعداد اووسیت های اولیه و کاهش تعداد ‏اووسیت های ثانویه، فولیکول گراف و جسم زرد می گردد. در مقایسه بین گروه های تکوین جنینی و پس از تولد، مشاهده ‏می شود که تعداد اوسیت های اولیه فقط در دوز‎ mg/kg‏ 30 تکوین جنینی افزایش معنی داری در سطح (‏

Snowball Sampling: A Purposeful Method of Sampling in Qualitative Research

Background and Objectives: Snowball sampling is applied when samples with the target characteristics are not easily accessible. This research describes snowball sampling as a purposeful method of data collection in qualitative research. Methods: This paper is a descriptive review of previous research papers. Data were gathered using English keywords, including “review,” “declaration,” “snowball,” and “chain referral,” as well as Persian keywords that are equivalents of the following: “purposeful sampling,” “snowball,” “qualitative research,” and “descriptive review.” The databases included Google Scholar, Scopus, Irandoc, ProQuest, Science Direct, SID, MagIran, Medline, and Cochrane. The search was limited to Persian and English articles written between 2005 and 2013. Results: The preliminary search yielded 433 articles from PubMed, 88 articles from Scopus, 1 article from SID, and 18 articles from MagIran. Among 125 articles, methodological and non-research articles were omitted. Finally, 11 relevant articles, which met the criteria, were selected for review. Conclusions: Different methods of snowball sampling can be applied to facilitate scientific research, provide community-based data, and hold health educational programs. Snowball sampling can be effectively used to analyze vulnerable groups or individuals under special care. In fact, it allows researchers to access susceptible populations. Thus, it is suggested to consider snowball sampling strategies while working with the attendees of educational programs or samples of research studies. Keywords: Purposeful Sampling, Snowball, Qualitative Research, Descriptive Revie

Adolescents' Experiences of Hospitalization in Pediatric Ward: A Phenomenological Study

Introduction: Adolescents have unique developmental requirements and medical needs which make them different from adults and children. In addition, they have problems of different natures, but they receive health services from common service. The aim of this study was to describe the hospitalization experience in adolescents. Method: Using qualitative method, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 9 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 years, who were hospitalized in Zabol hospital pediatric ward, Zabol City, Iran. The data were analyzed based on Colaizzi's method. Rigors of the study were achieved by paying attention to four criteria: real value, applicability, consistency, and factuality. Results: Adolescents' experience of hospitalization was constructed by four main concepts concluding separation from family and friends, staying on an unfamiliar environment, fears of treatment, and limitation of individual autonomy. Conclusion: Adolescents mostly are afraid of anonymous routines, procedures, and hospital personnel. Before the hospitalization of adolescents, there should be preparation plans for them; they often look for discipline and security in an unfamiliar environment. Therefore, hospital should be a safe place; so that, the adolescents` anxiety and worries can be reduced on the way from home to the hospital. It is suggested that professional staff view the design and routines of the ward from the perspective of adolescents; also it is better to perform adolescent-centered activities. Keywords: Anxiety, Adolescent, Fear, Hospitalization, Qualitative researc

The Performance of Bilingual and Monolingual Children on Working Memory Tasks

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to explore the possible differences in the working memory of monolingual (Persian) and bilingual (Persian-Baluchi) children. We wanted to examine if there is a statistically significant relationship between working memory and bilingualism. Methods: Four working memory (WM) tests, assessing three WM components, were administered to 140 second grade school students, of whom 70 were monolinguals (35 girls and 35 boys) and 70 were bilinguals (35 girls and 35 boys). The tests used are the following: Forward Digit Span Test, Backward Digit Span Test, Non Word Repetition Test, Maze Memory Test. The results of the two groups were analyzed with multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, aiming to find out any differences in the working memory function of bilingual and monolingual children, and to determine which group has an advantage. Results: The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to measure various WM factors across the two language groups. The findings showed that there were significant language effects on Forward and Backward Digit Span and Non Word Repetition Task (p‹0.001), and no significant language effects on Maze Memory (p›0.001). Discussion: This study revealed that bilingual children had a better WM, which holds processes and updates information over short periods of time, than monolingual children

The effect of resilience training on the occupational stress of nurses in the emergency department

Introduction: Due to their professional nature, nurses face many stressful situations, which affect their job performance. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of resilience training on occupational stress of nurses. Material and methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test groups, during which 60 nurses working in emergency department were studied in two (intervention and control) groups of 30 people. Thus, the intervention group received eight 30-minute sessions of resilience training over a period of two months, and no intervention was performed in the control group during this period. Occupational stress was assessed in both groups before the intervention and 1 month after the end of the intervention by the Gray-Toft & Anderson Nursing Stress Scale. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 22, descriptive statistical indicators, and RM-ANOVA statistical test. Results: Based on the results, the level of occupational stress had a decrease in both intervention and control groups after the intervention, but this difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that resilience training can be used in the field of nursing occupational stress, but it is recommended that in subsequent studies, confounding variables be moderated or controlled as much as possible

Correlation between Acoustic Parameters and Disease Severity and Duration in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Since in multiple sclerosis (MS), changes in speech and voice quality often precede other signs and symptoms; early diagnosis of these changes is necessary. In this study, an acoustic examination of phonation subsystem was performed. Due to the progressive nature of multiple sclerosis, the aim of this study was to examine the correlation between acoustic parameters of voice quality and disease severity and duration. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on 43 patients with multiple sclerosis. The disease severity was detected by a neurologist based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) for each patient. Acoustic analysis was performed during the production of sustained vowel /a/ and accordingly, the maximum phonation time (MPT), perturbation of the frequency (jitter), perturbation of amplitude (shimmer), the maximum and minimum frequency, and the highest and lowest intensity were evaluated. All the acoustic analyses were performed using PRAAT software. Data were statistically analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient by SPSS version 21. Results: The lowest intensity showed a significant correlation with disease severity (P=0.00). Also, the highest and lowest intensity showed a significant correlation with disease duration (P=0.022 and P=0.002). Conclusion: One of the earlier symptoms of central nervous system impairment resulting from multiple sclerosis is changes in phonation subsystem and voice quality. These changes may appear at any clinical stages; however, the symptoms might get worse over time, with the progression of the disease. Therefore, immediate acoustic assessments and interventions can prevent more degradation of voice quality

Synthesize of pluronic-based nanovesicular formulation loaded with Pistacia atlantica extract for improved antimicrobial efficiency

One of the current concerns to human health is antibiotic resistance, which promotes the use of antibiotics that are more harmful, expensive, and ineffective. In this condition, researchers are turning to innovative options to combat this alarming situation. Combining herbal medicine with nanotechnology has created a new strategy to increase the effectiveness of phytochemical compounds in overcoming antimicrobial resistance. Pistacia atlantica is one of the promising herbs with medicinal benefits, but its poor solubility in biological fluids is challenging. In this regard, we seek to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Pistacia atlantica extract-loaded nanovesicle. Cholesterol, Span 40, and Pluronic F127 modified nanoformulation was developed using an environmentally friendly improved heating technique, and it was evaluated for size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE%), release behavior, stability, and antimicrobial performance. By using DLS, spherical nanovesicles were identified with a size distribution of 50–150 nm and a zeta potential of −43 mV. The extract's encapsulation efficiency was 72.03%. The developed loaded nanovesicles demonstrated controlled extract release in the tested 96 h and storage stability of at least 12 months at 25 °C. Also, Comparing the two samples, the encapsulated extract had greater antibacterial activity against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida with MIC of 1320, 570, and 1100 µg/mL, respectively. Besides reducing the misuse of antibiotics by allowing for the controlled release of drugs made from natural sources, we expect the findings described here to help provide alternative plant-based formulations with greater stability and antibacterial activity