The Relation of the Servant Songs to Their Contexts in Isaiah 40 to 55

This dissertation seeks to answer the question: In interpreting the materials and describing the theology of the Deutero-Isaiah, should the Servant Songs be isolated from or considered in their contexts

A Comparative Study of Language Structure and Its Significance for Intercultural Communication: Japanese and American Communication Patterns in the Translation of First and Second Person Pronouns

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze comparative data from novels in both Japanese and English to demonstrate the obstacles to accurate translation of personal pronouns. The differences in language structure which create difficulties in translation are due to cultural differences. The effects of background culture on the pronoun systems are considered at length in this study. There are many varieties of forms of first and second person pronouns in the Japanese language, which imply various relationships between the speaker and the addressee, whereas in English, there is only one form of first and second pronouns. As a result of the textual analysis, it can be said that translating Japanese into English distorts characteristics of Japanese interpersonal communication by collapsing them into a one-dimensional pronoun framework. Conversely, translating English into Japanese distorts American interpersonal communication patterns by expanding them into a multi-dimensional pronoun framework which reflects characteristics of Japanese society. Pronouns are obstacles to translation. Translators are forced to eliminate distinctions (Japanese to English) or to create them (English to Japanese). All they can do is to minimize these problems as much as possible by taking the cultural context into account. Finally, an effort is made to stress the importance of the role of translation in enhancing intercultural communication

Stripe rust management in spring and winter wheat by varietal resistance and fungicide application

Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Eriks., is prevalent throughout western Canada in some years. As a result, there is a need to study stripe rust control for winter wheat grown in western Canada. The objective of the first thesis project was to evaluate the effects of fall fungicide application (metconazole and pyraclostrobin) on stripe rust and leaf spot severity, as well as yield and quality of winter wheat. The effects of fungicide application in the fall, spring, or both fall and spring (dual) on four winter wheat cultivars varying in disease resistance: ‘AC Bellatrix,’ ‘Moats,’ ‘Radiant,’ and ‘CDC Osprey’ were evaluated at four sites: Saskatoon and Indian Head in SK and Lethbridge and Lacombe in AB. Stripe rust severity on susceptible cultivars, ‘AC Bellatrix’ and ‘CDC Osprey,’ and leaf spot severity on these cultivars and ‘Radiant,’ were reduced by a single spring or dual fungicide applications (fall and spring) but not by fall application when over-all disease severity was high. Single spring and dual fungicide applications on stripe rust susceptible cultivars maintained yield potential compared to the unsprayed treatment, which was reduced by nearly 30%; grain quality was also maintained by the same treatments. The stripe rust resistant cultivar ‘Moats’ was not affected by fungicide application at any timing. Fall fungicide application had no effect on disease severity, yield or grain quality during the study. The dual fungicide application did not offer additional benefits. Race-specific stripe rust resistance genes (Yr genes) are widely deployed in wheat cultivars to control stripe rust. However, race-specific resistance break-down by the pathogen occurs frequently. The residual effects, the expression of partial, non race-specific resistance to virulent pathogen races by defeated race-specific disease resistance genes, is a potential source of durable stripe rust resistance. In the second project, the residual effects of race-specific Yr genes in wheat were evaluated. The parental near isogenic lines (NILs) with defeated single Yr genes (Yr10, Yr26, and Yr32) in the ‘Avocet’ background, F5 NILs with two Yr genes in the combinations of Yr26/Yr10, Yr32/Yr10 and Yr32/Yr26 and the susceptible cultivar ‘Avocet-S’ were inoculated with each Pst isolate or isolate mixtures (W020, W049, T034/W052) virulent to all three Yr genes in growth chambers. Infection type (IT), infection area (IA) and latent period (LP) were assessed and recorded. An increased number of Yr genes was correlated with reduced IT and IA and longer LP. The same NILs were evaluated in stripe rust field nurseries at Saskatoon, SK and Lethbridge, AB in 2018. There was an interaction between genotypes and isolates, and correlations between increasing numbers of Yr genes and all parameters. When inoculated with T034/W052, Yr32/Yr10 and Yr32/Yr26 wheat genotypes had lower IT and IA and longer LP than ‘Avocet-S’. With two other isolates, Yr32/Yr10 and Yr32/Yr26 wheat genotypes tended to have lower IA and longer LP than ‘Avocet-S’ but not always. The Yr26/Yr10 wheat genotype often showed no residual effect. The results from field disease nurseries were inconclusive due to the avirulent nature of the Pst population to Yr10 and Yr26 wheat genotypes. The results indicated that some defeated Yr genes have residual effects in certain combinations and further study is required for a better understanding of the mechanism of residual effects

Detection and evaluation of residual effects by defeated stripe rust resistance genes (Yr genes) in common wheat against virulent Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates

Non-Peer ReviewedRace-specific stripe rust resistance genes (Yr genes) have been deployed into wheat cultivars against stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Eriks. (Pst); however, the resistance has been quickly broken down only years after its introduction. Near isogenic lines (NILs) with defeated Yr genes were used in this study to evaluate partial non-race-specific resistance of the residual effect as possible durable resistance. The parental NILs with single Yr genes (Yr10, Yr26, Yr32) with Avocet background, F5 NILs with two Yr genes in the combinations of Yr26/Yr10, Yr32/Yr10 and Yr32/Yr26 and susceptible cultivar Avocet were inoculated with one of three Pst inoculums (W020, W049, T034+W052) virulent to all three Yr genes and infection type (IT), infection area (IA) and latent period (LP) were recorded. The same NILs were tested in stripe rust nurseries at Saskatoon, SK and Lethbridge, AB in 2018 and disease incidence and severity were recorded. The range of IT tended to be lower in NILs with Yr32/Yr10 and Yr32/Yr26 genes only with T034/W052. With different isolates, IA was reduced more often in the NILs with Yr32/Yr10 and Yr32/Yr26 genes than with Yr26/Yr10. The extension of LP correlated with reduction of IA. In disease nurseries, the natural Pst population appeared to be avirulent to Yr10 and Yr26 at both locations and the results were inconclusive. These results from growth chamber experiments suggest that residual effect by defeated Yr genes possibly exists in certain combinations

Pemodelan Daya Pengadukan Selama Proses Dehidrasi Osmotik Irisan Mangga dalam Larutan Gula

This study discusses mathematical model of agitation power due to the change of sugar solution concentration during the process of mango slices osmotic dehydration. The sugar solution agitation was performed in several levels of rotational speed to correlate the power number with the Reynolds number. Then, the obtained model was used to calculate the power consumption for various temperature and initial rotational speed of shaft. The results showed that the correlation can be used for various conditions of shaft rotational speed and solution concentration. Osmotic dehydration for 8 hours at conditions of 30-50OC with rotational speed of 143-525 rpm results in solution dilution from 61OBx to 50.5-52.5OBx. Temperature of 30OC with initial shaft rotational speed of 500 rpm results in power consumption ten times higher than that of 50OC and 148 rpm. Moreover, power consumption reduction up to 80% of initial energy consumption due to the dilution of the sugar solution during the osmotic dehydration process was obtained

Prevalence and spatial distribution of cranberry fruit rot pathogens in British Columbia, Canada and potential fungicides for fruit rot management

Twenty-eight cranberry farms in southwestern British Columbia were investigated for the prevalence and spatial distribution of fungal pathogens that contribute to fruit rot incidence. Farms were selected from six regions where most cranberry production is concentrated. Flowers, and green and ripe fruit (var. ‘Stevens’) samples, collected during two consecutive crop seasons, were analyzed for fruit rot pathogens. The most frequently isolated pathogens were identified as Allantophomopsis cytisporea, Botrytis cinerea, Coleophoma empetri, Colletotrichum fioriniae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusicoccum putrefaciens, Glomerella sp., Phomopsis vaccinii, Phyllosticta elongata, Phyllosticta vaccinii and Physalospora vaccinii. The pathogens Allantophomopsis cytisporea, Phyllosticta spp., and Physalospora vaccinii were found at high incidence. These pathogens were present in all cranberry growing regions, although their mean percentage incidence varied from farm-to-farm and region-to-region. Amongst the pathogens from three phenological stages of cranberry crop examined, ripe fruit had the highest percentage incidence of fruit rot pathogens compared to that of flowers or green fruit; thus, indicating their presence at the early stages of crop development. The efficacy to inhibit the mycelial growth and spore germination of the fruit rot pathogens by twenty six fungicides, belonging to nine different modes of actions, were evaluated in vitro. The copper-based fungicides and captan of group M, flutriafol, triforine, difenoconazole, prothioconazole and propiconazole of group 3, benzovindiflupyr of group 7, and fosetyl-Al of group 33 demonstrated a high degree of efficacy in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all fruit rot pathogens. The fungicides chlorothalonil of group M, fenbuconazole of group 3, pyrimethanil and cyprodinil of group 9, and fludioxonil of group 12 also demonstrated activity against most fruit rot pathogens. The copper-based fungicides, chlorothalonil, captan, flutriafol, triforine, difenoconazole, prothioconazole, propiconazole, benzovindiflupyr, and fosetyl-Al effectively prevented the spore germination of most fruit rot pathogens. This demonstrated activity of the fungicides towards cranberry fruit rot pathogens should be assessed for efficacy in planta under field conditions. The current study identified the most critical fungal pathogens causing fruit rot of cranberry in British Columbia and potential fungicides that could be used in the management of fruit rot and to improve fruit quality and yield