Élimination des polluants organiques des effluents de l’industrie oléicole par combinaison d’un filtre à sable et un lit planté

L’objectif de la présente étude consiste, d’une part, tester les performances d’un filtre à sable pour diminuer la charge organique des margines diluées à 50 % avec des eaux usées urbaines et, d’autre part, compléter le traitement par l’utilisation d’un mélange de plantes aquatiques composé de Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia et Arundo donax sous un régime d’écoulement vertical.Le pilote expérimental est composé d’un filtre à sable suivi d’un système planté. Le filtre à sable est rempli sur une épaisseur de 50 cm de sable et 10 cm de gravier en haut et en bas du pot. L’alimentation (4 cm•j‑1) se fait en bâchée avec une fréquence régulière de trois fois par semaine. Afin d’améliorer le processus de dégradation dans le filtre à sable, les margines ont été diluées avec des eaux usées urbaines à 50 %. La deuxième étape de traitement se compose d’un bac de capacité (1x1x1 m3) rempli sur une épaisseur de 20 cm de gravier et 60 cm de sol. Le bac est planté d’une combinaison de trois plantes : Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia et Arundo donax avec une densité de huit plants•m‑2 pour chaque plante. L’alimentation du bac se fait par des margines précédemment prétraitées en bâchée de 20 L avec une fréquence régulière de deux fois par semaine.Les résultats ont montré que le filtre à sable assure une neutralisation du pH qui passe de 4,79 à 7,68. L’enrichissement du sable par les micro-organismes permet d’avoir une minéralisation importante de la matière organique. Après dix semaines d’expérimentation, aucun signe de colmatage n’a été signalé, le taux de réduction des MES, de la DCO totale, de la DCO dissoute et des composés phénoliques est d’environ 70 %, 79 %, 76 % et 81 % respectivement. Le traitement subséquent par le mélange des trois plantes montre une augmentation du pH et de la conductivité électrique et une élimination importante de la DCO totale (99,7 %), de la DCO dissoute (99,5 %), des MES (94 %) et des polyphénols (95 %).À la lumière des résultats trouvés, on conclut que le traitement des margines par la combinaison de deux systèmes (filtre à sable et lit planté) permet une élimination importante de la charge organique des margines.The objective of this study consisted of testing the potential of a sand filter to decrease the organic pollutants in olive mill wastewater (OMW) diluted to 50% with domestic wastewater, and to polish the treatment by using a mixture of aquatic plants: Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia and Arundo donax. The experimental pilot consists of a sand filter followed by a planted system. The sand filter is filled with 50 cm of sand and 10 cm of gravel at the top and the bottom of the filter. The feed (4 cm•j‑1) is done sequentially according to a one-day wet / three days dry cycle. In order to activate the degradation processes in the sand filter, OMW are diluted to 50% with domestic wastewater. The second step of the treatment consists of a tank (1x1x1 m3) filled with 20 cm of gravel and 60 cm of soil planted with a mixture of aquatic plants at a density of 8 young plants•m‑2 for each plant and irrigated two times in the week by 20 L of pre-filtered OMW.The results show that the sand filter ensures a neutralization of the OMW pH, which passes from 4.79 to 7.68. The enrichment of the sand by the micro-organisms ensures an important mineralization of the organic matter. After ten weeks of operation of this system without clogging sign, the rate of abatement of the TSS, total COD, dissolved COD and phenolic compounds was about 70%, 79%, 76% and 81% respectively. Completion of the treatment by the mixture of three plants shows an increase in the pH, electric conductivity and a significant elimination of the total COD (99,7%), dissolved COD (99,5%), TSS (94%) and polyphenols (95%).With regard to OMW treatment efficiency, the treatment of the OMW by the combination of two systems (sand filter and planted system) results in a significant removal of the organic load of the OMW

Caractérisation des margines issues d’une huilerie moderne et essais de leur traitement par coagulation-floculation par la chaux et le sulfate d’aluminium.

L’objectif de ce travail est de réaliser une caractérisation complète des margines brutes et décantées et d’étudier la diminution de la charge organique et des polyphénols en utilisant les techniques de coagulation-floculation.Les essais de coagulation ont été réalisés à l’aide d’un banc de jar-test, constitué d’une série de six béchers. La série comporte une suspension témoin sans addition de coagulant ainsi que la même suspension soumise à des doses croissantes du coagulant (la chaux seule, le sulfate d’aluminium seul et la chaux combinée avec le sulfate d’aluminium).Les tests de coagulation-floculation montrent que l’application de sulfate d’aluminium à une dose de 1,5 g/L et à un pH entre 6,31-7,08 permet d’éliminer 40 % de la DCO, 27 % des MES et 41 % des polyphénols, tandis que l’application de la chaux à une dose de 20 g/L permet d’éliminer 43 %, 75 % et 50 % de la DCO, des polyphénols et des MES respectivement. La combinaison d’une dose de 1,5 g/L de sulfate d’aluminium et de 20 g/L de chaux permet de réduire 70,5 % des MES, 38 % de la DCO, 54 % des polyphénols et 61 % de la coloration.Il ressort de l’ensemble des résultats que le meilleur traitement par coagulation-floculation est obtenu par l’application de la chaux seule à une dose de 20 g/L et par la combinaison de 1,5 g/L de sulfate d’aluminium et de20 g/L de chaux.Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) are a significant source of environmental pollution, especially in important olive oil producing countries such as Spain, Italy, Greece, Tunisia, Morocco, Turkey, Lebanon, Syria and Portugal. When discharged into the environment, olive mill wastewaters create serious environmental problems, such as colouring of natural waters, alteration of soil quality, phytotoxicity and nuisance odours.Several methods have been reported for the removal of pollutants from these effluents. These technologies can be divided into three categories: biological, chemical and physical. Physical-chemical treatment is well known and has yielded promising results. Several authors have tested coagulation-flocculation techniques using different coagulants, such as aluminium sulphate, ferric chloride, ferric sulphate and lime, but there are few studies that have investigated the combined effect of a mixture of coagulants.The objectives of this work were to carry out a complete characterization of the raw and decanted olive mill wastewater, resulting from a modern unit located in the Marrakesh region, and to study the reduction in organic load and phenol content achievable by coagulation-flocculation using two different coagulants (lime, aluminium sulphate) and their combination. The quantity of sludge produced by the different coagulants was also determined.Coagulation tests were realized using jar test equipment in a series of six flasks. One flask corresponded to a control suspension without adding any coagulant. The other suspensions were treated with increasing coagulant concentrations of lime or aluminium sulphate, used separately (concentrations varying from 0 to 30 g/L and from 0 to 3 g/L, respectively) or in mixture. All solutions were stirred first for 3 min at 130 rpm, and then after the coagulant addition for 20 min at 30 rpm, followed by 1 h settling. Solution pH was adjusted to the desired value with sulphuric acid (4 N) or NaOH (5 N) before the coagulant was added. The supernatant was separated from the precipitate for analysis and the sludge was determined gravimetrically after drying at 100°C for 4h.Raw olive mill wastewaters are acidic (pH 4.55) and due to this low pH value biological treatment of OMW is limited. OMW are also highly saline (electric conductivity 8.4 mS/cm), due to the salting practiced to preserve olives during trituration. These effluents contain also high loads of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD of 72 g/L) and toxic polyphenols (1.4 g/L). Comparison of the characteristics of the raw and decanted olive mill wastewater showed that decantation for 3 months did not seem to affect the physical-chemical characteristics of the studies olive mill effluent, except for the concentration of the total suspended solids (TSS), which passed from 57 to 32 g/L.Coagulation-flocculation tests showed that the application of aluminium sulphate without correction of the pH caused a small decrease of the pH from 4.67 to 4.54. The optimal elimination of the polyphenols (23%), TSS (24%) and colour (15%) was obtained with an amount of 1.5 g/L, whereas the optimum for elimination of COD (50%) was obtained with an amount of 1.8 g/L. These abatements demonstrate that the studied pH range did not allow very important elimination of the polluting loads, in particular for polyphenols. Adjust of the pH to 6.31-7.08 led to a slight improvement in the percentage of reduction of TSS (27%) and COD (40%), and the abatement of polyphenols passed from 23% to 41%. This application of aluminium sulphate alone generated only a small quantity of sludge, corresponding to the low degree of TSS removal. Lime application involved an increase in pH up to an addition of 15 g/L, after which the pH stabilized around 12. A lime application of 20 g/L resulted in the reduction of COD (43%), TSS (50%) and an important elimination of polyphenols (75%); sludge produced sludge after coagulation was significant (35 g/L).The successive addition of lime to 1.5 g/L of aluminium sulphate raised the pH, starting from an amount of 10 g/L, and induced a removal of TSS (71%), COD (38%), polyphenols (54%) and colour (61%) at a dose of 20 g/L of lime. The successive addition of aluminium sulphate to 15 g/L of lime involved only a slight variation of the pH and allowed the elimination of TSS (48%), COD (36%), polyphenols (35%) and colour (70%) at a dose of 3 g/L of aluminium sulphate. Comparison between the two coagulant combinations indicated that the best TSS removal was obtained for an amount of 1.5 g/L of aluminium sulphate and 20 g/L of lime, but with a production of 40 g/L of sludge. In the case of the elimination of colour, the best combination was obtained for a dose of 3 g/L aluminium sulphate and 15 g/L of lime, with a production of only 30 g/L of sludge. All in all, the best coagulation-flocculation was obtained by application of 20 g/L of lime (used alone) and by the combination of 1.5 g/L of aluminium sulphate and 20 g/L of lime, which gave a better elimination of the colloidal particles, a good reduction of the organic matter causing colour and the toxic polyphenols. The quantity of the sludge produced from the test with lime alone was 35 g/L, whereas the combination of lime and aluminium sulphate produced 40 g/L. Analysis of variance showed that the production of sludge for the two coagulants did not present statistically significant differences (p>0.05)

reuse study of sustainable wastewater in agroforestry domain of marrakesh city

The current work aims to perform a feasibility study of sustainable urban wastewater reuse in agroforestry domain of Marrakesh city in order to assess the environmental and the sustainability of urban wastewater reuse in agroforestry irrigation. To this end, wastewater physicochemical characteristics from Marrakesh full-scale wastewater treatment plant, soil physicochemical analysis and climate analysis were investigated. Finally, treated urban wastewater potential production in Marrakesh WWTP and challenge related to its reuse are provided. The obtained results of the present study reveals the feasibility of this practice in Marrakesh region. Regarding the actual situation, climate analysis highlight that the local climatic conditions is an ultimate challenge for water resources; soil analysis reveals a loss of soil fertility due to the decline in soil organic matter. To face this condition, treated urban wastewater reuse is a sustainable and promising strategy to face water scarcity, enhance soil fertility, preserve natural resources, develop local products and improve living conditions of agriculture and farmers. Keywords: Urban wastewater, Physicochemical analysis, Wastewater reuse, Climate analysis, Arid climate, Marrakes

Modélisation de l’Impact des Rejets des Stations d’Epuration sur le milieu Récepteur

editorial reviewe

Modeling the Influence of Wastewater Treatment Plant Implementation on Enhancing Surface Water Quality

peer reviewe

Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Soil and the Tailings, in the Zinc-Lead Sidi Bou Othmane Abandoned Mine

Mining activity is one of the most important sources of Heavy metals in the environment. In Marrakech region, functioning or abandoned mines represent a great hazard due to huge amounts of waste deposited in waste dumps and tailings often with high concentration of heavy metals pollution. These mining sites located near Marrakesh contain tailings abandoned for ten to twenty years. The present study was realized for the abandoned mine of Sidi Bou Othmane  in order: i) -To determine the total content of heavy metal in soil and Tailings, ii)-To carry out the chemical speciation, of heavy metals in the Tailing and in the samples of soil collected in the vicinity of the  mine. The pH, the electrical conductivity, Organic matter content and total carbonate content in all the samples (soil and Tailings) were measured using the standards methods, heavy metals concentration was determined by ICP-MS. Therefore, a sequential extraction scheme according to the BCR’s (Community Bureau of Reference) guidelines and total acid digestion were applied to soil and Tailings samples.  The results obtained showed that the abandoned mine of Sidi Bou Othmane still containing very important quantities of solid waste, these site can become potential source of pollution by releasing heavy metals. In this concern, 4 polluting heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were detected with concentrations exceeding those admitted for agricultural soil. For all heavy metals, the most contaminated sites were found in the vicinity of the mine, probably linked to weathering effect, the wind and the topography. Keywords: Soil, tailings, heavy metals, sequential extraction, speciation

Assessing the performance of a waste management system towards a circular economy in the Global South: The case of Marrakech (Morocco)

Waste management is essential for the safety and wellbeing of any society; it also helps to tackle global problems, such as climate change and resource scarcity. To support the evolution of waste management systems (WMSs) towards a circular economy (CE), assessment methods are applied. This paper shows, using the case of Marrakech (Morocco), how a novel holistic approach called WMS development stage concept (WMS-DSC) is applied to assess WMSs and determine measures promoting a CE. The approach enables a simplified derivation of measures that are useful to municipal decision makers and consists of five stages; stage 1 is equal to a WMS lacking essential WM elements and stage 5 describes a functioning CE. The approach was specifically designed to be transferable to other Global South cities through the categorization into these universal stages. The results from the WMS-DSC show that components related to energy recovery and waste recycling are classified in stage 1. For the latter, a slight development towards stage 2 can be assumed due to the planned activities in Marrakech. The components “collection and transport” and “prevention and reuse” are mainly in stage 2. Nevertheless, the components “governance”, “sector and market” and “waste disposal” are assigned to stages 2 and 3 with a stronger trend towards stage 4. The results show that in Marrakech and Morocco, CE is still in its infancy, and with this current state, it is hard to achieve. However, 33 measures were determined to improve the WMS of Marrakech and promote a CE